• Importance Of Sharing A Meal {Luke 19:1-10}
  • The Meaning of Passover
  • Why We Remember Death and Resurrection Of Jesus {Luke 24:1-9, 1 Corinthians 11:23-26}
• How the Holy Communion is Shared
  • Meaning Of Repentance and Forgiveness {Luke 15:11-32}
  • Celebrating Breaking of Bread

Importance Of Sharing A Meal {Luke 19:1-10}

• People share meals on many occasions’ e.g. parties, ____________,___________ and __________.
• Sharing of meals is important because:-
  1. Brings people together.
  2. Promotes sense of belonging and harmony.
  3. Promotes unity in the family
  4. It is a sign of love, generosity, friendship and care.

Luke 19:1-1

• Jesus shared a meal with a tax collector called _______________
•  Zacheaus lived in the town of _________________
• He climbed on a ______________ tree in order to _________________ because he was ______________
• People grumbled why Jesus shared a meal with ____________________
• Zachaeus agreed to change his life after sharing a meal with Jesus.
• We should share with others irrespective of their reputation.

The Meaning Of Passover

• The last meal then Israelites celebrated in Egypt before they left.
• It is called Passover because the angel of death passed over Israelites homes and spared them.
• Israelites:
  
  1. Slaughtered a one year old lamb
  2. Roast its meat whole
  3. Broke none of its bone.
  4. Ate all meat
  5. Ate it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.
  6. Ate while standing.
  7. Eaten only by circumcised me.
     • Marked the begging of new life for Israelites
     • Was taught from one generation to another and celebrated annually.

Questions

1. Why did the Israelites celebrate Passover feast each year?
2. What did they eat during the feast?
   • We should depend on God’s power and protection during challenging situations.

What Jesus said and did during the last supper

Question: which was the most disturbing statement Jesus said during the Last Supper?

Symbols Jesus used

1. Unleavened bread- Jesus’ body {Holy Communion}
2. Wine – Jesus’ blood.

Why We Remember Death and Resurrection Of Jesus {Luke 24:1-9, 1 Corinthians 11:23-26}

• It gives Christians hope for eternal life.
• It reminds us of God’s love.
• It strengthens our faith.
• It assures forgiveness of sins.
• His death is final and most perfect sacrifice for our sins.
• It confirms God’s promises are true.

Luke 24:1-9
Questions

1. On which day did the women visit the tomb of Jesus?
2. Who were these women:
3. Why did they visit the tomb of Jesus?
4. Which 3 strange things did they encounter with in the tomb?
5. Resurrection of Jesus gives Christians __________________.

How the Communion is Shared

• Christians celebrate the Holy Communion to remember the death and resurrection of  Jesus.
• The shared bread represents the body of Jesus and the wine the blood of Jesus..
• Christians show unity when celebrating Holy Communion.
• Christians proclaim death and resurrection of Jesus until He comes again.

Acts 2:42-27
Early believer lived in unity by:-

1. Fellowshipping together.
2. Praying together.
3. Sharing meals.
4. Sharing possession with each other.
5. Sharing Holy Communion.

John 6:1-14

1. Jesus demonstrated pity and kindness.
2. Jesus asked ___________________ where to get food from. But ___________discovered a___________ with and ____________________.
3. Jesus blessed it,_______________ and fed the multitude and _______________ baskets remained.

Getting Ready For the Second Coming of Jesus Christ 2 peter 3:10-15

• Christians should get ready for the second coming of Jesus for there will be no warning.
• We should prepare ourselves by:-
  
  1. Living pure and holy lives.
  2. Repenting and asking God for forgiveness
  3. Living prayerful lives.
  4. Obeying God’s commandments.
  5. Believing and accepting Jesus in our lives.
  6. ________________
  7. ________________
  8. ________________

2 peter 3:10-15

1. Jesus will come unexpectedly.
2. Jesus will come as a thief
3. Qn:state the events of that day ________________

Meaning Of Repentance and Forgiveness {Luke 15:11-32}

• Repentance- act of feeling sorry of wrong doings.
• Forgiveness – willingness to pardon those who wrong us.
• God always forgives us:-
  1. When we are truly sorry of our wrongs.
  2. When we forgive those who wrong us.
• Repentance and forgiveness strengthens our relationship with God.
  1. - Jesus taught repentance and forgiveness using the parable of the prodigal son
     - Sinners- lost son
     - God- loving father.

Celebrating Breaking of Bread {1 Corinthians 11:23-32}

• Breaking of bread is also called :-
  1. Lord’s supper
  2. Lord’s table
  3. The holy communion
  4. The Eucharist
  5. The holy mass.
• Christians by celebrating the holy communion obey Jesus command “do this in remembrance of me”
• Christians remember death and resurrection of Jesus.
• Before breaking bread one should repent sins.

Values Required During the Breaking of Bread

• Humility
• Love
• Happiness
• Sharing
• Thankfulness
• Caring
• Patience
• Tolerance

By celebrating the Holy Communion Christians demonstrate unity, togetherness, love, humility, joy, appreciation and giving.

Revision questions

Primary CRE 6 pg 43-44
2. Quick reading CRE pg 16-17
3. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 21-24

• New Life in Traditional African Society
  • Birth
  • Initiation
  • Marriage
  • Death
• New Life in Christianity {2 Corinthians 5:17, Ephesians 4:17 -32}
  • How We Give Our Lives to God
  • How Ancestors Served the Clan {Genesis 1:26-29}

New Life in Traditional African Society

• New life means change/transformation a person goes through in life.
• New life involves stages in life i.e rites of passage
• Rites of passage include:-
  1. Birth
  2. Initiation
  3. Marriage
  4. Death.

1. Birth

   • Marks the beginning of new life after delivery
   • Naming done by the women of the clan.
   • Naming depends on one’s community.
   • Newborn welcomed with gifts and ceremonies.
   • Mother underwent ritual cleansing after delivery.

2. Initiation

   • Passage from childhood to adulthood.
   • Ceremonies include circumcision, removal of teeth, tattooing e.t.c
   • Bloodshed joins the initiates with the ancestors.
   • Bathing in the river signifies casting/riding off childhood.
   • Initiates kept in isolation period {seclusion} to be taught responsible adult behavior.
   • Gateway to marriage.

3. Marriage

   • Mainly for having children {seals marriage}
   • Polygamous nature.
   • Choosing of marriage partners done by community.
   • Divorce rare because wife belongs to the community.
   • Married couple takes up new family responsibilities.

4. Death

   • Joins the dead to the ancestral world.
   • One starts a new life in the spiritual world.
   • The deceased family starts a new life without the deceased.
     Nb:- new life can be experienced when people move to new areas.
     Genesis 12:1-9 Abraham moved from ___________ to _____________ .

New Life in Christianity {2 Corinthians 5:17, Ephesians 4:17 -32}

1. Starts when Christians believe and accept Jesus in their lives.
2. Christians are followers of Jesus Christ.
3. Baptism is a symbol of new life in Christ.
4. Christians are filled with the Holy Spirit who helps them live a holy life by avoiding evil deeds.
5. The Holy Spirit helps Christians practice Christian values.
6. We share new life in Christ by:-
   1. Reading the bible
   2. Singing in choir
   3. _______________
   4. _______________
   5. _______________

How We Give Our Lives to God

• When we dedicate our lives to God, the Holy Spirit controls our lives
• We give our lives to God by:
  1. Praying and reading the bible
  2. Praising and worshiping God.
  3. Giving offerings.
  4. Participating in community projects
  5. ___________________
  6. ___________________
  7. ___________________

Genesis 12:1-9
The Call of Abraham

• Called while at _________ and commanded to move to _______________
• Abraham agreed because he had a great faith in ________________
• God promised Abraham:-
  
  1. Many descendants
  2. Great nation
  3. Blessings
  4. Protection
  5. Land
  6. Son
  7. Great name.

Malachi 3:8-12

• Tithe – a tenth of one’s income [money or possession]
• God wants us to give part of our income as a way of giving our lives.

God Sharing With Us a New Life {Titus 3:4-8}
By :-

1. By giving us Jesus to sane man from sins
2. Giving us Holy Spirit who is our helper.
3. Showing mercy, kindness, love and grace.
4. Promising and giving eternal life.

Christian Sharing With Others{Acts 2:44-47, 4:34-35, 6:1-6}

• The early Christians lived a common life by:-
  1. Preached together
  2. Prayed together.
  3. ________________
  4. ________________
  5. ________________

Christians share new life by:-

1. Helping others
2. Doing good to others
3. Sharing word of God.
4. ________________
5. ________________

How Ancestors Served the Clan {Genesis 1:26-29}

• Clan- group of people with the same/common ancestor
• Ancestors served God by?-
  
  1. Performing special duties i.e. healing, making rain, priestly duties, protection, solving disputes e.t.c.
  2. Protecting the community- warriors
  3. Offering sacrifices- priests
  4. Teaching virtues and values
  5. Keeping custom and cultures.
  6. Settling disputes.
  7. Caring for members of the community
  8. _______________________
  9. _______________________

How Ancestors Shared Their Possession {Matthew 25:33-40}

• Life was communal- each member was catered for according to needs.
• The gap between the rich and the poor was minimized.
• A person’s wealth was measured in term of:-
  1. Number of children
  2. Number of animals
  3. Size of land
  4. Number of wives
     
     • Cultivated land belonged to the aged.
     • Shared work
     • Welcomed strangers.

Mathew 25:33-40

• We will be judged according to how we share our possession especially with the needy.
• We should show concern for the needy.

How Christians Share Talent/Skills with Others

• God given talents include
  
  1. Singing
  2. Teaching
  3. _________________
  4. _________________
  5. _________________
  6. _________________
• Talents are special gifts given by God.
• Skills are learnt and perfected.
• Christians should use different talents and skills to do the work of God.

How Christians Share Their New Life with Jesus{Mathew 25:33-40}

• Christians share their new life with Jesus by helping the needy e.g.:-
  
  1. Visiting prisoners
  2. Feeding the hungry
  3. Clothing the naked.
  4. Caring for the sick and the aged.
  5. Welcoming strangers.
• When Christians help the needy Jesus assure them of great reward i.e will join Him and rejoice forever in heaven.

Revision questions

1. Primary CRE 6 pg 26-27, 1-11
2. Quick reading CRE pg 11-12, 1-10
3. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 12-15

• Introduction
  • The Creation Of Man
  • Fall of Man
• Traditional African Creation Stories
  • Agikuyu Creation Story
  • The Bukusu Creation Story{luhya community}
  • The Nandi Creation Story
  • Similarities between African Creation Stories and Biblical Creation Stories.

Introduction

1. Creation is making something out of nothing
2. God completed creation work in 6 days
3. On 6^th day he created human beings.

The Creation Of Man

1. God took soil and molded man from it.
2. God breathed his breath into Adams nostrils
3. The trinity took part in creating man. “let us create human beings to resemble us” Genesis 1:26-28
4. Eve was formed from Adam’s ribs. Created to be a companion to Adam.
5. Both were special because they were created in the image and likeness of God.
6. God created them male and female; by this he ordained/blessed marriage.

Man is special because:-

1. Made in the image and likeness of God.
2. Can communicate to God on behalf of other creations.
3. He was given authority over God’s creation
4. Molded or formed unlike the rest of God’s creation
5. He was given responsibility to care for God’s creation.
6. He was to share God’s life by obeying his commands e.g.
   • Have many children
   • Do not eat…

Authority given to man

1. Control the rest of God’s creation
2. Use and conserve environment responsibly.
3. Use God’s creation for food.
4. _______________________
5. _______________________ 
6. _______________________

Fall of Man {Genesis 3}

• God commanded man to eat fruits from all trees except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil at the middle of the Garden of Eden.
• God told them that they will die if they ate a fruit from it.
• They disobeyed and ate.
• Cause of sin of disobedience
  Serpent>eve> Adam
• Consequences of sin of disobedience
  1. Adam ____________________
  2. Eve ______________________
  3. Snake ____________________
     Both Adam and eve were chased from the garden of Eden.

Lesson

• Sin separates God and man.
• Qn: What did god do to prevent man from going back to Eden? [refer primary C.R.E 6
  PAGE 1-8

Traditional African Creation Stories

1. Every community has a traditional story of creation.
2. Creation stories tell people’s origin.
3. In all creation stories God is the ultimate creator.
4. Different communities have different names of God depending on God’s nature and character.
   Qn : name five communities and the name of their God.

Agikuyu Creation Story

1. God called Ngai {one who distributes}
2. God’s dwelling place is Mt. Kirinyaga {Mt. Kenya}
3. First man called ‘gikuyu’ and first woman ‘mumbi’
4. God blessed them with nine daughters{origin of kikuyu 9 clans}
5. Gikuyu prayed to God who provided sons to marry the daughters.
6. God placed Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe-wa-nyagathanga.

The Bukusu Creation Story{luhya community}

• God called Were Khakaba {giver of all things}
• Were created the universe alone in two days.
• He started by creating his dwelling place- Mt. Elgon.
• His two assistants were Mukhobe and Muramwa.
• First man called mwambu and wife Sela. He placed them at Mt. Elgon {Mt. Masaba}

The Nandi Creation Story

• God called Asis
• First man and woman from a swollen knee. Knee belonged to a creature which looked like man.
  Qn: can you recall creation stories from any African Community?

Similarities between African Creation Stories and Biblical Creation Stories.

1. God is the creator of the universe.
2. God created everything in an orderly way.
3. Man is God’s special creature.
4. God at first created male and female.
5. The first man and woman became first parents.
6. ___________________________
7. ___________________________
8. ___________________________

How We Respond to God’s Creation

God’s creation shows God’s power, greatness and love towards man

1. Caring for God’s creation
2. Caring for the environment.
3. Respect God’s creation
4. Value and give equal importance to all God’s creation.
5. Preserve God’s creation
6. ___________________
7. ___________________
8. ___________________

Topical questions

1. Quick reading std 6 pg 4-5, 1-10
2. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 4-6
3. Primary CRE 6 pg 8-9

• The Constitution of Kenya
• Parliamentary Electroral Process in Kenya
  • Role of Citizens in the Electoral Process
  • Importances of Participating in Elections
• Responsibility of the Government to its Citizen

CONTITUTION is a set of rules or values agreed upon by a people which governs relationships within
the group

The Constitution of Kenya

It is divided into several elements(chapters)

1. Sovereignity of the people and supremacy of the constitution
2. The republic
   • A sovereign republic
   • Devolution
   • National and official languages
   • Religion
   • National symbols and national holidays
   • National values and principles of governance
   • culture
3. citizenship
   • by birth
   • by registration
   • by dual citizenship
4. the rights and freedoms of individuals (bills of rights)
5. use and control of land and environment
   • public land
   • communal land
   • private land
6. leadership and integrity
7. representation of the people
8. the legislature
9. the executive
10. the judiciary
11. devolved government
12. income and use of government money
13. the public service
14. the national security
15. commissions and independent offices
16. reviewing of the constitution
17. general guidalines

new constitution shall be implemented after promulgation(official announcement by the president
importances of the constitution of kenya

1. guides kenyan society on how to live peace
2. ouline rights and freedom of citizen
3. guides how the government should be organized
4. guides how conflicts should be resolved
5. guides how government should relate with other countries
6. guides how public land and finances should be handled

Parliamentary Electroral Process in Kenya

1. dissolution of parliament by parliament
2. IEBC announces election dates
3. Nomination of candidates by the political parties
4. IEBC announces dates for election campaigns
5. Printing of ballot papers(polling papers) and other election materials
6. Education of voters
7. Appointment of election officials
8. Voting day – takes place at the polling stations. Illiterate voters are assisted by clerks
9. Counting of the votes presiding officer announces results at polling stations
10. Complaints concerning the results may make an application in court

Activity state qualification for a candidate for a member of parliament

How one may lose a parliamentary seat

1. Imprisoned for more than six months
2. Declared bankrupt by a court of law
3. If member resigns from the party that sponsored him to parliament
4. If one commited election offence
5. If he/she is of unsound mind
6. If one proved he/she is not a kenyan citizen
7. If one misses eight consecutive sittings in parliament without informing the speaker
8. If one is elected the speaker

Role of Citizens in the Electoral Process

1. Participate in elections
2. Electing responsible leaders
3. Ensure leaders do not misuse powers
4. Ensure leaders make decisions and perform according to the wishes of people
5. Promoting free and fair elections
6. Evaluating performance of the leaders

Importances of Participating in Elections

1. Gives opportunity to elect candidates of their choice
2. Help to choose type of government
3. People are given chance to decide on an issue affecting the country
4. Elect leaders who provide good services
5. Enable to change our leaders

Responsibility of the Government to its Citizen

1. Maintaining peace, law and order
2. Promoting welfare and social services
3. Encouraging unity
4. Making laws and enforcing them
5. Initiating development projects
6. Maintainance of good relations with other countries
7. Protecting rights of people
8. Protecting people against external enemies

• Law, Peace and Conflict Resolution
  • Causes of conflicts
  • Ways of Resolving Conflicts

Law, Peace and Conflict Resolution

Conflict – is a disagreement or quarrels between two or more people

Causes of Conflicts

1. Unequal distribution of resources
2. Poverty
3. Inequality before the law
4. Discrimination
5. Lack of involvement in decision making
6. Intolerance
7. Religious differences
8. Unpopular policies
9. Oppression

Ways of Resolving Conflicts

1. Negotiations
2. Dialogue
3. Mediation- used by ODM and PNU after 2007 elections
4. Judicial settlement
5. Arbitration
6. Enquiry
7. Conciliation

• Democracy and Human Rights
  • Benefits of Democracy
  • Abuse of Human Rights
  • Importances of Respecting Human Rights

Democracy and Human Rights

Benefits of Democracy

1. People are treated fairly
2. All people are treated equally before the law
3. Right to own property
4. Freedom to choose meet others or practise their belief
5. People participate in electios to choose leaders of their choice
6. Right to make decisions on issues affecting them
7. People develop a sense of belonging and responsibility
8. Promote equal sharing of national reources
9. Promote peace and prosperity
10. Promote freedom of choice

Abuse of Human Rights

It is the act of denying or preventing people from enjoying their rights
Examples are;

1. Mob justice
2. Raping
3. Discrimination and favouritism
4. Wrongful arrest
5. Beating of suspects
6. Unfairness before the law
7. Child labour
8. Murder and killings
9. Bullying others in schools
10. Mishandling of suspects by the police
11. Over-working and under paying workers
12. Beating of wives by their husbands at home and vice versa

Importances of Respecting Human Rights

1. Preservation of human dignity
2. Promotion of social justice
3. Freedom from discrimination
4. Success of democracy
5. Fair treatment and equal opportunities for all
6. Positive critisism to the people’s in power(government)
7. Involving people in making decisions on matters affecting them
8. Promotes equal treatment of all people before the law
9. Reduces misuderstanding between citizens and the government
10. Controls abuse of power by the government against individual citizens

• Drug and Drug Abuse
  • Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse
  • Ways of Curbing Drug and Substance Abuse
• Inclusion of Persons with Special Needs in Society
• Collective Responsibilities

Drug and Drug Abuse

Drugs – substance taken as medicine or illegal substance which when taken changes how the body
works.
Drug abuse – misuse or wrong use of drugs
Commonly abused drugs and substances

1. Alcohol
2. Nicotine(tobacco/cigarettes)
3. Marijuana(bhang/hashish/cannabis/hemp)
4. Opium
5. Cocaine
6. Heroine/morphine
7. Miraa
8. Kuber
9. Caffeine
10. LSD(lysergic diethy amide)
11. Inhalants such as petrol and glue(cobbler’s glue)

Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse

1. Phsychological instability
2. Poor health
3. Social instability
4. Increase in cases of road accidents
5. Increase in diseases
6. Financial problems
7. Work-related problems

Ways of Curbing Drug and Substance Abuse

1. Promoting healthy leisure activities e.g.games
2. Medical drugs are sold with the doctor’s presciptions
3. Strengthening police inspection
4. Educating the danger of drug and substance abuse
5. Enforce strict lwas on drugs and substance abuse
6. Parents should be good role models
7. Provide moral guidance to the youth
8. Provide warnings on the effects of the use of cretain drugs

Inclusion of Persons with Special Needs in Society

These people include

1. Visually impaired(the blind)
2. Hearing impaired
3. Physically challenged
4. Mentally challenged
5. Behaviourally and emotionally disturbed
6. Speech problems(dumb)

Others include

1. Street children
2. Orphan
3. Refugees
4. HIV and AIDS
5. Elderly

They can be helped in the follwing ways

1. Creating positive attitudes
2. Creating friendly environment
3. Providing equal opportunities

Collective Responsibilities

It is the act of citizens teaming up and joining hands to perform a certain duty or task for the benefits
of all in the society.

Things that citizens can do to support one another

1. Supporting work of police
2. Encouraging every person to take part in development activities
3. Upholding moral values in the society
4. Ensuring environment remains clean
5. Ensuring people do not use dangerous and harmful drugs
6. Participating in elections
7. Being mindful of the welfare of others

• Traditional Forms of Government
  • Khoisan
    • Khoikhoi
    • San
  • The Kingdom of Old Ghana
• The Scramble for and Partition of Africa
  • The Partition of Africa
  • African Response to the Scramble and Partition
    • Resistance
    • Collaboration
• Colonial Systems of Administration
  • Belgians in Congo
  • The French in Senegal
  • The Portuguese in Mozambique
  • British in Nothern Nigeria
  • Effects of Colonial Rule in Africa
• Struggle for Independence in Africa
  • The Struggle for Independence in Ghana
  • The Struggle for Independence in Zimbabwe
  • Contributions of Prominent leaders in Africa
    • Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
    • Gamal Abdel Nasser
    • Leopold Sedar Senghor
• Present Systems of Government in Kenya and Swaziland
  • The System of Government in Swaziland
  • Similarities in the System of Government in Swaziland and Kenya
  • Differences in the System of Government in Swaziland and Kenya
• Organisation of African Unity(OAU)
• The African Union(A.U)

Traditional Forms of Government

Khoisan

They are said to have been the earliest inhabitants of southern africa
They consists of khoikhoi and san
They speak with click sound
They similar physical features
They are short

Khoikhoi

Economic organization

1. They were formerly known as the hottentots
2. They were mainly nomadic pastralist
3. They traded with dutch who arrived in south africa.
4. Khoikhoi exchanged cattle and sheep for beads, tobacco and iron.

Political organisation

1. Clan was the basic political unit.
2. The head of the senoir clan bocame the chief of the community
3. The position of the chief was hereditary.
4. The chief had power because decisions were reached through general consensus(government)by consensus
5. Nomadic life never allowed them to develop a powerful political system

Social organisation

1. They believed that God was the giver of all goo things on earth.
2. Rites of passage were marked with special ceremonies
3. They brewed alcoholic drinks during social occasions
4. They celebrate festivals of the new moon.

San

Formerly known as bushmen

Economic organisation

1. They were m ainly hunters and gatherers
2. Men hunted wild animals such as buffaloes and antelopes
3. Women gathered fruits, roots an dvegetable.
4. They made arrows and spearhead.
5. They also traded with khoikhoi

Political organisation

1. They organised into units called hunting bands which consist of about 20to 40 people
2. They did not have a central government
3. Disagreement was reached through consensus

Social organisation

1. They lived in caves or rock shelters
2. Boys marry at 14 yrs of age
3. Girls married at 12 yrs of age.
4. Believed in the existence of God with praying mantis as God’s symbol on earth
5. Decorated with necklaces made from ostrich eggs and sea shells
6. Painted themselves for dances
7. Painted pictures of the animals they hunted
8. Their goods were stored in leather bags
9. They also kept dogs used for hunting.

The Kingdom of Old Ghana

1. Was the earliest of all kingdom of west africa
2. Was situated between upper section of the niger and senegal rivers
3. Founded by soninke peolpe
4. The capital city was at kumbi saleh
5. The soninke were under kaya maghan
6. Factors that contributed to the rise of old ghana
7. The king controlled the trans-saharan trade.(main)
8. The kingdom had powerful, strong and respected rulers
9. Well-equiped, strong and capable army
10. Favourable climate conditions
11. It was situated in a strategic position in the savannah.

Political organisation

1. It was ruled by a king
2. Position of kingship was hereditary(matrilineal)
3. King was assisted by council of ministers and civil servants
4. It was divided into;
   1. Ghana proper or metropolitan ghana
   2. Provincial ghana
5. Kumbi saleh(capital)was divided into two
   1. Al-ghana – lived by king and african traditional
   2. Muslims section – lived by muslims

Social organisation

1. Lived in mud and grass-thatched houses
2. King was regarded as the chief priest
3. They(soninike)believed life after death
4. King was buried with all his belongings, including servants.

Economic organisation

1. Traded with people from north
2. They mined gold from walata
3. People kept animals and grew crops for food and trade
4. Trading caravans paid taxes to the kings
5. Tax paid by the conquered states
6. NB the main reason for the rise of old ghana kingdom was trans-saharan trade

Reasons for the decline and fall of the kingdom

1. Kingdom was too large
2. Lack of clearlydefined boundaries
3. Succession disputes and political rivalry
4. Overdependence on one income
5. The army was weakened
6. Attacked by almoravids(main)

The Scramble for and Partition of Africa

Scramble – struggle or compete in a disorderly manner
Partition of africa- dividing up africa into smaller parts

The european nations that took part in the scramble for africa were;

1. Britain
2. Belgium
3. France
4. Germany
5. Portugal
6. Italy
7. Spain

Reasons for the Scramble for Colonies in Africa

1. Europeans wanted raw materials
2. Europeans wanted to establish market for their goods
3. Europeans wanted areas to invest their surplus capital
4. For prestige and as a show of power
5. For strategic reasons meant to protect the source and course of the nile
6. To end slave trade
7. To spread christianity
8. To settle surplus population.

The Partition of Africa

1. During the berlin conference of 1884-1885 the european powers agreed to divide up africa peacefully
2. They followed the guideline below
3. They recognized leopold II king of belgium as leader of the congo free state
4. River niger, zambezi could be used by any traders
5. Areas not occupied could be claimed by any european power
6. European to establish effective administration in their spheres of influence
7. Areas where a europeanpower had laid claim were recognised as spheres of influence of that power.
8. Any future differences between european nations would be settled through negotiations and agreements
   NB african continent was under european control by 1910 except liberia and ethiopia.

1. France colonies
   Morocco                  Segal
   Burkina faso            Algeria
   Mauritania               Somalia
   Benin                      Cote d ivoire
   Congo                    Djibouti
   Chad                      Seychelles
   Guinea                   Mauritius
   Mali                        Gabon
   Niger                     Comoros
   Madagascar          Central african republic
2. Britain colonies
   Egypt                        Sudan
   Somalia                   Uganda
   Kenya                       Gambia
   Sierra leone              Ghana
   Nigeria                       Malawi
   Zambia                   Zimbabwe
   Botswana                Swaziland
   Lesotho                   South africa
3. Italy colonies
   Libya                     
   Eritrea
   Somali
4. Portugal colonies
   Guinea Cape
   verde Angola
   Mozambique
5. Spain colonies
   Morocco
   Western sahara
   Guinea
6. Not colonised
   Liberia
   Ethiopia

Reasons why African were colonised easily

1. Lack of unity
2. Had inferior weapons(main)
3. Not well organised in protecting their resources

African Response to the Scramble and Partition

Some african;resisted – collaborated

Resisted

Samoure toure’s resistance against the french

1. Born around 1830 in sanankaro(guinea)
2. He was a trader
3. Took title almainly when cnverted to islam
4. Founded mandinka empire with capital at bissandugu.
5. Had powerful well trained and equiped army
6. Resisted french
7. He signed a peace treaty in 1886 with french
8. Later french failed to honour the treaty
9. Samouri imroved his weaponry and reorganised his army and he defeated the french
10. Later french came back and defeated samouri
11. He established another empire at dabakala
12. He was defeated and imprisoned in gabon
13. Died in 1900

Reasons for resistance

1. Wanted to remain independent
2. Against french interferance with his trading activities wiyh the coast
3. Safeguard the purity of islam against christianity

Why Samouri was able to resist the french for a long time

1. Used scorshed earth policy tactic (main)
2. Well-trained, disciplined and strong army
3. Efficient administration
4. He used islam as a unifying factor
5. Encouraged young men to join the french army to learn their tactics and how to use guns

Reasons why samouri was defeated

1. Lack of support from other african leaders
2. French had better weapons(main)
3. French cut off coastal trade and gold mines
4. Lack of support from his own people

Collaboration

Lewanika

1. He was leader of lozi people of northern rhodesia present day zambia
2. Reasons for the lewanika’s collaboration
3. Feared the german, portuguese and the dutch from interfering with his affairs of his kingdom
4. Wanted military support against his enemiessuch as ndebele and some chiefs
5. He was inspired by his friend chief khama of the ngwata of botswana.
6. The above reasons made him to sign;
7. Treaty with BSAC which allowed to mine minerals
8. Treaty which allowed british to have administration over barotseland(malawi)
9. Treaty which made barotseland a british protectorate. Lewanika became a paramount chief. Lost his political authority over his territory.

Colonial Systems of Administration

1. Direct rule
   Europeans used the methods used in their own countries to rule the colonies.
2. Indirect rule
   Europeans rule through the existence of traditional rulers and leaders
3. Assimilation
   Making africans the same as europeans in terms of culture especially in french colonies.

Belgians in Congo

1. They used direct rule in congo.
2. They got involved through their king leopord II who was recognised as the owner of congo during the berling conference of 1884-1885.
3. Due to oppresion of belgians in congo like;
   1. Severe punishment such as cutting off of people’s hands
   2. Forced labour on rubber plantations.
   3. Forced taxes
   4. It led to the babua and bushilele uprising of 1903-1904
   5. The war made leopold II to surrender it to the belgian government
   6. The belgians divided the country into;
      
      • Minister for colonies – in charge of all colonies
      • Governor general – in charge of the colony
      • Provincial governors – in charge of provinces
      • District officers – in charge of districts
      • Chiefs – in charge of chefferies(villages)
        1. After the 2nd world war districts were subdivided into zones
        2. Each zone had a;nativecourt, dispensary, school.
        3. Belgians believed in civilizing the africans
        4.  An african who aquired western culture, christianity, literate in french was known as an evolee and were granted certain privilages

Those who were not civilised were denied to:

• Move from one chefferie to another
• Own land
• Provide labour on plantation

The French in Senegal

French grouped their colonies to form federations
Example 1: french west africa federation
Algeria
Tunisia
Morocco
Mauritania
Senegal
Mali
Burkina faso
Niger
Ivory coast

Example 2. French central africa(equatorial)federation
Chad
Congo brazzavile
Gabon
Central african republic

French regarded their colonies as overseas provinces hence governed directly from france.

Administrative structure

Minister for colonies – in charge of all colonies
Governor general – for each federation
Lieutenant – for each colony
Commandant de cercle – for each cercle(province)
Chef de sub division – for each commune(district)
Chef de canton(chief) – for each canton(location)
Chef de village(headman) – for each sub-location

French used the policy of assimilation

The requirement for assimilation

1. Ability to read and write in french
2. Being a christian
3. Readiness to practise french ways of life.
4. Accepting the french adminitration and the french economic set-up.

Rights enjoyed by a french citizen

1. Vote and to be elected
2. Learn in institutions in france
3. Get employment in france
4. Start a business in france

The four coastal towns where assimilation was used in senegal

1. Rufisque
2. St.louis
3. Goree
4. Dakar

Africans in the commune were not subjected to forced labour and taxation
The rest of senegal was subdivided into

1. Province
2. Districts

Provinces and districts were administred through the policy of association

Through association africans were treated as subjects and not citizens of france e.g.

1. Denied africans the freedom of movement
2. Provide forced labour
3. Pay taxes
4. Grow cash crops needed in france
5. Punished without trial
6. The main work of the chief was to collect taxes and recruit labour

Reasons why policy of assimilation became difficult

1. French colonies were very many
2. Many african(subjects)refused to become chriatians
3. Africans strongly criticized the french policies
4. Africans refusedto abandon their culture e.g polygamy
5. It became expensive to provide social facilities e.g. hospitals, schools, and roads
6. French feared competition from africans.

The Portuguese in Mozambique

They were the 1^st europeans to come to africa

Like the french they considered their colonies as overseas provinces

They used direct policy to administer mozambique

Colonies – minister for overseas provinces
Colony – governor general
Province – provincial officer
District – district officer
Location – chief(rogedores)

Africans held only junior posts in administration
Land was rented to british and french companies
British set up tea, sugar and cotton plantation
Plantation was called prazeros
In troublesome areas administration was carried out by millitary commanders

Portuguese administration was harsh and brutal which made africans to flee to malawi and tanganyika as refugees

In 1961 mozambique formed anti-portuguese political groups e.g.FRELIMO

British in Northern Nigeria

Comprised of three protectorates

1. Lagos
2. Southern nigeria
3. Northern nigeria

In northern nigeria british used indirect rule
They used centralised system of traditional rulers called emirs
Each emir was in charge of an emirates
Northern nigeria was divided into provinces and districts
Emirs worked under district officers

Responsibilities of emirs were

1. Collecting taxes
2. Listening to cases in the muslim court
3. Maintaining law and order in the emirates
4. Abolishing undesirable practises among the citizens

Reasons why the british used indirect rule in northern nigeria

1. Poor transport and communication network
2. Cost of running the colony was high
3. British officers were often sick with malaria
4. The protectorate was large
5. The existence of a well established system of administration among the africans
6. Some chiefs such as nana of itsekiri were ready to co-operate

British overseas colonial officer – in charge of colonies(london)
British high commissioner- in charge of protectorate(northern nigeria)
British resident(provincial)commissioner – in charge of province
District officers – in charge of districts
African chief(emirs) – incharge of local areas(emirates)

Effects of Colonial Rule in Africa

Positive

1. Introduction of new crops e.g.cocoa, tea, rice, coffee, cloves, wheat
2. Development of infrastructure
3. Introduction of western education
4. Provision of social services
5. Peace among the people
6. Abolishment of slave trade
7. Rise and growth of nationalism
8. Introduction of new goods e.g.manufactured goods.

Negative 

1. Loss of independence
2. Separation of communities
3. Over-exploitation natural resources
4. Mistreatment of africans
5. Neglect of craft industries
6. Loss of land
7. Loss of african culture
8. Creation of political boundaries
9. Loss of lives and property

Struggle for Independence in Africa

Struggle for Independence in Ghana

Ghana was formerly known as gold coast
It was colonised by the british
Climate and high risk of malaria discouraged mass european settlement

Complaints of Africans in Ghana were

1. They wanted majority seats in the legco
2. Traders denied imports and exports licenses
3. Ex-servicemen wanted employment as reward
4. Unemployment
5. Low cocoa prices and the africa being forced to cut down cocoa trees infected with diseases

In 1947 the united gold coast convention (UGCC) PARTY WAS FORMED –LED by J B.Danqah –
president and kwame nkrumah – secretary general.
In 1948 – a boycott of european shops. A demonstration of ex-servicemen
Demands of the party were;

1. An end to colonial
2. A policy of self-determination and complete national independence.

Leaders of UGCC were arrested

In 1949 nkrumah was released and formed conventional people’s party(CPP)
Main aim of CPP was to fight for self-governance
Between 1949 and 1950 nkurumah was arrested and other leaders
In 1951 nkrumah was released due to pressure from africas and elections were held
In 1951 CPP did not get a majority to form the government
In 1956- there was election again and CPP won
In 1957 march gold coast was granted full independence with kwame nkurumah as the prime minister.
Gold coast was renamed ghana
1960 – ghana became a republic with nkurumah as the 1^st president
NB ghana got independence through peaceful means by using ;

1. Diplomacy
2. Negotiations
3. Strikes
4. Boycotts
5. Motions through the legco

The Struggle for Independence in Zimbabwe

Formerly known as southern rhodesia
Colonised by british
In 1889 british government granted BSACO the right to

1. Mine minerals
2. Collect taxes
3. Maintain law and order in zimbabwe

In 1923 british declared rhodesia a self-governing colony
Under colonial rule;

1. African were given poor education and health facilities
2. Africans not allowed to vote
3. Africans were overcrowded in reserves
4. Africans were poorly paid
5. Africans had limited movements
6. Africans were forced to pay high taxes
7. Africans were controlled because their leaders were arrested

In 1934 african national congress(ANC)was formed to demand the removal of pass law and forced
labour
Settlers formed the rhodesian front party
The africans realised negotaitions would not work and they decided to use armed struggle.
In 1963 ZANU was formed. Its leaders were;

1. Reverend ndabaningi sitole
2. Robert mugambe
3. Herbert chitepo

ZANU liberation army was called ZANLA
ZANLA was to wage guerilla warfare on settler rule.
In 1963 joshua nkomo formed ZAPU.
Later the two parties were banned and its leaders imrisoned
In 1965 rhodesian front party declared unilateral declaration of independence from britain led by ian smith
ZANU and ZAPU established fighting
Ian smith was forced to participate in discussions about the future of rhodesia
Elections were eventually held in 1980
ZANU won and robert mugabe became the prime minister
The name rhodesia changed to zimbabwe.

Contributions of Prominent Leaders in Africa

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

1. Born in transkei province of south africa in 1918.
2. Bacame a member of the african national congress in 1942
3. Founded african national congress youth league(ANCYL)together with oliver tambo, walter sisulu, anton lembede.
4. In 1952 elected deputy president of ANC.
5. In 1961founded a movement called Umkhonto we sizwe(spear of the nation)
6. In 1964 sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to roben island prison.
7. In 1990 he was released by fredrick de klerk
8. In 1991 he was elected president of ANC.
9. In 1994 he became president of south africa as the 1^st democratically elected
10. Ruled for five years and retired voluntarily in 1999
11. He died in December 2013.

Contributions

1. United all races in south africa
2. Set example by retiring from politics
3. Fought for the abolition of apartheid
4. Brought peace through negotiations e.g.chairman of the burundi peace talks
5. Led other youths through ANCYL(AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS YOUTH LEAGUE)
6. Provided leadership to the libration movement through the ANC

Gamal Abdel Nasser

1. Born on 15th january 1918 at alexandria in eygpt
2. Trained as a solder
3. In 1952, he led a revolution which removed king falouk of egypt from power.in 1954, he took over as president of egypt.

Contributions of Gamal Abdel Nasser

1. Carried out land reforms
2. Improved woeking conditions
3. Abolished sharia courts
4. Improved the living standards e.g.use of birth control, provision of clean water
5. Encouraged the formation of cooperative societies
6. Established industries
7. He planned and completed aswan high dam
8. Participated in the formation of OAU
9. Built more schools and universities
10. He maintained the suez canal
11. Died in 1970 while still the president

Leopold Sedar Senghor

1. Born on 9th october 1906 at joal in senegal
2. Studied poetry and politics
3. Joined french army and fought germans
4. He fought in the 2nd world war
5. He was captured and released later
6. In 1945 he was elected in french parliament
7. In 1960 he became president of senagal
8. He ruler for 20years

Contributions

1. He was the greatest writer and poet of africa
2. Used poetry to spread culture and values of africans
3. Led senegal in their struggle for independence
4. Represented p;eople in the french parliament
5. First african president to retire voluntarily from active politics
6. Died on 20th December 2001 at the age of 95yrs

Present Systems of Government in Kenya and Swaziland

The System of Government in Swaziland

1. Swaziland is a landlocked country
2. It is ruled by a king
3. Kingdom was founded by king sobhuza I in 1830
4. Became a british protectorate
5. Attained independence in 1968 under sobhuza II
6. King mswati succeeded sobhuza II in 1986
7. Position of king is hereditary
8. Title of king is ngwenyama(lion)
9. Traditional system of government is called tinkhundla
10. The king national council is called liqoqo
11. The queen mother is called indlovukazi
12. Swaziland parliament is called libandla
13. Parliament has two houses
    1. the senate
    2. the house of assembly
14. country has traditional courts under chiefs
15. no political parties in swaziland
16. there is a civil service

Similarities in the System of Government in Swaziland and Kenya

1. both king and the president are head of state and government
2. both king an president are commander-in-chief of the armed forces
3. both countries have two houses
4. both countries have civil services

Differences in the System of Government in Swaziland and Kenya

Organisation of African Unity(OAU)

Formation of OAU

Was formed on 25th may 1963
Headquarters in addis-ababa ethiopia
Members present during formation were

1. Julius nyerere – tanzania
2. Kwame nkurumah – ghana
3. Ben bella – algeria
4. Gamal abdal nasser – egypt
5. Haile sellasie of ethiopia
6. Siaka steven – sierra leone

First chairman was haire sellasie

Functions of OAU

1. Promote peace
2. Help countries to get independence
3. Promote cooperation
4. Protect independence states
5. Promote friendly relations
6. Promote, social, economic and political development.

Achievements of OAU

1. Has assisted countries to get independence
2. Has promoted economic development
3. Has tried to find solutions to conflicts in africa
4. Has encouraged cooperation in trade through trade blocs
5. Provided forums where heads of state meet
6. Has promoted economic development

Problems facing the OAU

1. Lack of standing army
2. Lack of adequate funds
3. Lack of unity
4. Political instability
5. Interfered with individual government policies
6. New emerging issues e.g.HIV/AIDS
7. Border disputes e.g. kenya and uganda
8. Misunderstanding among members

The African Union(A.U)

OAU was transformed to AU in 2001
AU was officially formed in 2002 in south africa

Reasons for the formation of AU

1. Some poor policies
2. New challenges e.g. drought
3. Hoped that africa will one day work as one economic bloc

Objectives of AU

1. To achieve greater unity
2. Defend the sovereighty, borders and independence of its members
3. Encourage international cooperation
4. Promote peace
5. Protect the rights of african people
6. To work international parteners
7. To promote democratic principles
8. To coordinate and harmonise the policies of organizations through NEPAD
9. To promote research in science and technology

• Agriculture
  • Cash Crop Farming
    • Cocoa in Ghana
    • Cloves in Tanzania
    • Pyrethrum in Kenya
  • Pastoral Farming
    • Benefits of Pastoral Farming
    • Problems Facing Pastoral Farming in Africa
    • Development in Pastoral Farming Areas in Africa
  • Multi-purpose River Projects
    • River Tana Projects
    • The Aswan High Dam
    • The Volta River Scheme
    • The Kariba Dam
• Forestry
  • Location of Major Forests in Africa
  • Forestry in DRC
  • Forestry in Swaziland
• Mining
  • Extraction of Selected Minerals in Africa 
    • Petroluem in Nigeria
    • Copper in Zambia
    • Gold in South Africa
    • Soda Ash in Kenya
  • Problems Associated with Mining in Africa
  • Effects of Mining on the Environment
• Industial Development
  • Industrial Development in Kenya
  • Industrial Development in South Africa
• Fishing
  • Main Inland Fishing Ground in Africa
  • Main Marine Fishing Grounds in Africa
  • Methods of Fishing
  • Contribution of Fishing to the Economy of Africa
  • Problems Facing the Fishing Industry in Africa
• Trade
  • Regional Trade Organizations in Africa
    • COMESA
    • SADC
    • ECOWAS
  • Benefits of Regional Trade in Africa
  • Problems Facing Regional Trade in Africa
• Transport and Communication
  • Major Transport Networks in Africa.
    • Road Transport
    • Railway Transport
    • Water Transport
    • Pipeline Transport
    • Air Transport
  • Current Development in Communication Systems in Africa
• Tourism
  • Main Tourist Attractions in Africa
  • Main Tourist Destinations in Africa
  • Contributions of Tourism to the Economy
  • Challenges Facing Tourism in Africa
  • Possible Solutions to Challenges Facing Tourism
• Urbanization
  • Reasons for the Rapid Growth of Towns in Africa

Things that we use to create wealth and meet our needs are called resources.
Activities that people undertake in order to earn income and create wealth are called economic activities

Agriculture

This is growing of crops and rearing of livestocks

Cash Crop Farming

The main cash crops grown in africa include.

• Coffee
• Sisal
• Sugarcane
• Tea
• Cocoa
• Cloves
• Pyrethrum

Cocoa in Ghana

Was brought from central america
Introduced to west africa countries like:

• Ghana
• Cote d ivoire
• Nigeria
• Cameroon

Ghana is one of the largest producer of cocoa.
NB Cote d ivoire is the leading producer of cocoa
Varieties of cocoa are;

1. Cocoa criollo
   Best in central america
   Low yielding but superior quality
2. Cocoa forastern
   Best in west africa
   High yield but lower quality

Conditions Favouring the Growth of Cocoa.

1. Plenty of rainfall – 1500mmand 2000mm is most preferred.
2. High temperatures – 24°C and 28°C
3. Humid condition
4. Shelter from strong winds
5. Deep and well drained soils
6. Protection from strong sunlight – intercropping with bananans.
7. Low altitudes of up to 750m.

Cocoa Growing Areas

Grown in small family farms.
Main growing areas is called cocoa triangle.
Cocoa triangle areas are;accra, kumasi, takoradi.

Importance of cocoa to the economy of ghana.

1. Earns the country foreign exchange.
2. Leds to creation of jobs
3. Building of an artificial harbour at takoradi which enhaned transport in the region.
4. Growth of other industries e.g. drugs, cosmetics, and chocolate industries.
5. Improved the living standards of the employed
6. Imrovement of the infrastracture e.g.road and railway.

Cloves in Tanzania

Grows in tropical climates
Grow in clusters
Picked when the buds are full but not open.
It has a life-span of 50-60years
It originated from indonesia.
They were introduced to the island of zanzibar by the arabs
Originally grown in plantations.
Today also grown on small scale farms

Conditions Favouring the Growth of Cloves

1. Plenty of rainfall – 1500mm and 2000mm per year.
2. High temperature – 27°C and 30°C
3. Deep fertile soils
4. High humidity throughout the year.

Growing areas

1. Island of pemba
2. Western highland of zanzibar

Importance of cloves to the economy of Tanzania

1. Earn foreign exchange – produces about 80% of the world yields
2. Creates employment
3. Serve as raw materials for industries e.g. perfume, spices, soap and medicine industries.
4. Used in the cigarette and confectionary industry.
5. Farmers earn income for domestic use.

Activity
Draw map on our lives today pg 70 showing cloves in tanzania.

Pyrethrum in Kenya

Kenya is the world’s largest producer and exporter.
The plant was introduced from australia in 1929
Grown for its flowers substance called pyrethrin which is used to make pesticides.

Conditions favouring the growth of pyrethrum

1. Well distributed rainfall- 1000mm and 1500mm per year
2. Cool temperature
3. High altitude 1800m
4. Well drained and fertile soils

Growing areas in kenya

Mainly grown in small farms;

1. Molo
2. Nyeri
3. Kiambu
4. Meru
5. Kisii
6. Nyandarua
7. Kericho
8. Mt.elgon

Importance of pyrethrum to the economy

1. Earn country foreign exchange
2. Farmers earn income for domestic use
3. Creates job opportunities
4. The main growing area is nyandarua county.

Pastoral Farming

Keeping of animals as a way of life is called pastoral farming
Animals mainly kept are

1. Cattle
2. Sheep
3. Goats
4. Donkeys
5. Camels

Transhumance – is the migration /movement of pastoralist seasonally between the wet and dry season in search of pasture

Pastoralism is mainly practised in the grassland savannah and some semi-arid areas of africa.

Major pastoral communities in africa:

1. The maasai
2. The fulani
3. The tswana.

The Maasai

Best known nomadic pastoralists of east africa.
Mainly keep cattle, goats and sheep.
They practise transhumance

Conditions favouring pastoral farming among the maasai

1. Low population
2. Favourable climate
3. Flat land for easy movement
4. Crossing border easily i.e.kenya and tanzania.

The fulani

Are found in west africa
Are largest nomadic group in the world
They keep cattle, sheep, goats and horses
Occupy the savannah area between chad and senegal.
They practise transhumance
They uses horses to search for places where water and grazing land are available.

Conditions favouring pastoral farming among the fulani

1. Extensive grassland belt
2. Low population
3. The absence of tsetse flies in the grassland
4. Favourable climate to support pasture.
5. Seasonality in rainfall maens pasture grow in seasons.

The tswana

Are found in botswana.
Kalahari desert lies to the west of the country
Soil is sandy
Soil mainly support savannah grassland vegetation
Water is tapped by drilling wells and boreholes.
Animals kept are cattle, sheep and goats.
Grazing areas are often far from the homestead

Conditions favouring pastoral farming among the tswana

1. Low population
2. Presence of grassland in most parts.
3. Crop farming is generally difficult.

Benefits of Pastoral Farming

1. Source of income/livelihood.
2. Earn foreign exchange
3. Source of wealth for individual pastoralists e.g. fulani.
4. Good economic use of land
5. Animal products support other industries e.g. tanneries
6. Create employment
7. Animals provide food for the pastoralists.

Problems Facing Pastoral Farming in Africa

1. Diseases – foot and mouth, rinderpest, east coast fever, antrax.
2. Drought
3. Overstocking
4. Poor quality pasture
5. Poor quality breeds
6. Fires
7. Harsh climatic conditions
8. Political differences
9. Transport
10. Land pressure
11. Indequate capital
12. Cattle rustling
13. Attack by wild animals.

Development in Pastoral Farming Areas in Africa

1. Cross-breeding
2. Reduce problem of tsetse flies
3. Constructed boarding schools and dispensaries
4. Introduction of mixed farming
5. Veterinary services are provided
6. Introduction of group and individual ranching
7. Selling some livestock to prevent overstocking to K.M.C
8. Construction of dams and boreholes
9. The maasai have started alternative economic activities e.g.making and selling handicrafts and curios.

Multi-purpose River Projects

1. The river tana projects in kenya
2. The aswan high dam in egypt
3. The volta river schemes in ghana
4. The kariba dam in zambia and zimbambwe

River Tana projects

Location

Found along river Tana
Source in the highlands around mt kenya
Involved the construction of seven dams hence the name seven forks schemes

1. Kindaruma – 1968
2. Kamburu – 1977
3. Gitaru – 1980
4. Masinga – 1986
5. Kiambere – 1988
6. Mutonga – not completed
7. Kgrand falls – not completed

Reasons for establishment

• Production of HPE
• Control flooding
• Availability of large river.

Benefits from the river tana projects

1. Reduce flooding in the lower tana valley
2. Fishing e.g. masinga and kiambere
3. Lakes behind the dam modify the climate around the area
4. Tourists attraction
5. Expansion of industries due to availability of HEP
6. Provide water for domestic use
7. Pruduction of HEP.

Problems Facing the Tana Projects.

1. Inadequate fund to complete the projects
2. Expensive to resettle people
3. Reduction of water during the dry season
4. Siltation of dams
5. Some sections have no water because water moves through underground tunnels to neighbouring dams.

The Aswan High Dam

Found in egypt
Located on river Nile
Completed in 1971
Behind the dam is lake nasser 550km long.
Lake nasser is the second largest after kariba.

Reasons for establishment

1. Provide water for irrigation(main)
2. To produce HEP
3. To contro floods
4. To pvide water for domestic use.

Benefits resulting from the construction of the dam

1. Control floods in the lower Nile region.
2. Irrigated land receives a rugular and sufficient water supply
3. Improve transportation in southern egypt – linking to sudan due to lake nasser.
4. Development of fishing
5. Growth of industries due to production of HEP.
6. Create employment.
7. Create tourists attraction
8. Lake nasser has modified the weather conditions.

Problems facing the aswan high dam.

1. Displacement of people
2. Moving of ancient egyptian temples of abu simbel to new location
3. Expensive to construct dam and egypt to look foreign assistance.
4. Siltation
5. Reduction of nutrients that flow down to the mediterrean sea to support aquatic life.
6. Lack of enough silt to costruct bricks and for pottery.
7. Erosion of the Nile delta due to lack of silt.

The Volta River Scheme

It is the largest river in ghana
Found across river volta a place called akosombo
A dam is also known as the akosombo dam
The location of the dam was chosen because of its narrow position.
Started in 1962 and completed in 1966.
A lake called lake volta was formed behind the dam
Lake volta is the world’s largest in terms of surface area.

Reason for establishment

• Control the waters of river volta at akosombo
• Generate HEP.
• Reduce the cost of generating electricity from oil.

Benefits from the development of the scheme.

1. Establishment of fishing industry
2. Improved water transport between northern and southern ghana through lake volta.
3. Irrigation increased food production.
4. Development of industries
5. Led to earning of foreign exchange, since HEP is sold to togo and benin.
6. Create employment.

Problems facing the volta river scheme

1. Requires alot of capital to construct a dam.
2. Displacement of people
3. Transportation became difficult
4. Water borne diseases e.g. bilharzia.

The Kariba Dam

Located at kariba gorge along river zambezi
Found on the boundary between zimbabwe and zambia in central africa.
Construction began in 1955 and completed 1977.
Lake kariba was formed behind this dam.
It is the world’s largest artificial lake by water volume.

Reasons for establishment

1. There was need for cheap power for industries by the two countries.
2. HEP production save forest clearing
3. Existing railway could not transport coal.

Benefits resulting from the kariba dam.

1. Production of HEP.
2. Reduction in the cost of energy.
3. Creation of jobs
4. Existing railway station was reduced
5. Reduction of flooding of river zambezi downstream.
6. Lake kariba provides a safe and cheap method of transport.
7. Tourist attraction due to dam and lake
8. Reduction of over-reliance on coal as a source of fuel.
9. Increased fishing activities.
10. Forest around the area provides home for wildlife

Problems facing the establishment of the dam

1. A lot of capital is required to construct a dam.
2. Negotiation and agreement between zambia and zimbabwe.
3. Endangered wild animals
4. Political problems delayed construction.
5. Bilharzia causing snails spread due to stagnant water
6. The earth quakes pose danger due to weight of the dam.
7. Displacement of people.

Forestry

A forest is a group of trees growing close together over a lrge area of land.
Forestry is the practice of planting and taking care of forests and trees in order to serve different purposes.
Forests in africa are both natural and planted
Natural forest mainly consists of hardwood and some softwood trees.
Planted or cultivated forests consist of softwood trees.

Location of Major Forests in Africa

Draw map showing location of major forests in africa on our lives today pg 88

The main type is the extensive tropical rain forest or the equatorial forest.it covers gabon, cote d ivoire, nigeria,
ghana, DRC, Liberia, cameroon and eastern coat of madagascar.

Mountane or mountain forest

Occurs in the highland and mountain regions of africa
Found at ;

1. Drakensberg mountains
2. Ethiopia highland
3. Highland of east africa

Mangrove forests

Found ;

1. Eastern coast of eastern africa between somalia and natal in south africa.
2. Western coast of africa between angola and sierra leone.

Savannah woodlands

Found in the savannah belt of africa.

Mediterranean forest

Mixture of hardwood and softwood forest
Found at;

1. Atlas mountain in north africa
2. Cape province in south africa

Planted forests

1. Mostly found in highlands
2. Planted to replace indigenous trees
3. Example is the great usutu in swaziland.

Forestry in the DRC.

1. 57% of the total land is covered by forest
2. Most forest is natural
3. Are found in the northern region of the country
4. Trees include;
   1. Teak
   2. Ebony
   3. Mahogany
   4. African cedar

Importances of forest to the economy of DRC

1. Source of valuable hardwood timber
2. Protect the water resources in the country
3. Home to rich and diverse wildlife
4. Attracts a lot of attention in scientific research
5. Provided employment opportunities
6. Source of revenue to the government.
7. Problems facing forestry in the DRC.
8. Locating and cutting needed trees species is expensive and difficult due to the closeness
9. Buttress roots which make the trees difficult to cut.
10. Creepers and undergrowth make it difficult to reach the trees needed for logging.
11. Some trees are huge and when fall destroy unnecessarily
12. Huge size and the heavy weight make them difficult to handle.
13. Difficult to maintain roads.
14. Expensive to transport logs to the market
15. Valuable species take long time to mature and are in danger of disappearing.
16. Deforestation.

Forestry in Swaziland

1. Industry mainly depends on plantation forests
2. It covers 120000ha of land
3. Consists mainly of softwood that is pine and eucalyptus trees.
4. Main forests are;
   
   1. Great usutu valley
   2. Piggs peak forest
5. Swaziland’s forests provide softwood for:
   
   1. Pulp mills
   2. Saw mills
   3. Box factories

Importances of forests to the economy of swaziland

1. Earn country foreign exchange
2. The great usutu forest has helped to reduce soil erosion
3. Protect water catchment areas
4. Provide good picnic site thus promotingtourism.
5. Help to conserve the wildlife
6. Reduce soil erosion help to prevent flooding
7. Creation of job opportunities

Problems facing forestry in swaziland

1. Higher rate of forest exploitation than replacement
2. Demand for arable land
3. Attacks by pests and diseases
4. Difficult in transportation
5. Destruction by forest fires.

Mining

Is the process of extracting or removing minerals from within the ground.
Rocks containing minerals are called ores.

Extraction of Selected Minerals in Africa

1. Petroleum in nigeria
2. Copper in zambia
3. Gold in south africa
4. Soda ash in kenya

Petroleum in Nigeria

In natural state it is called crude oil
Mined in niger delta

Petroleum drilling

It is done by means of a large metal sructure called derrick.
The drill head is called bit.
Mud is mixed with water to lubricate the bit
Where oil deposits are below the ocean floor, oil rig is floated on the water to drill the oil.
Oil is transported by pipeline to the refineries
Refineries are located at elesa eleme near port harcourt at wari and at kaduna.

Uses of petroleum

1. Making chemicals
2. Bitumen(tar)used for tarmacking roads
3. Kerosene used to light lamps and stoves
4. Petroluem and diesel used to run motor vehicles and locomotives.
5. Cooking gas is obtained from petroluem
6. Making plastics, fertilizers and medicines
7. Lubricating to reduce friction

Contribution of oil to the economy of niger

• Earning foreign exchange
• Created employment
• Add revenue to the government
• Some oil is used in the country.

Copper in Zambia

It is shiny, fairly soft and reddish brown in colour
It is easy to bend and shape.
DRC and zambia are leading producer in africa
Copper belt extend from ndola in zambia to lubumbashi in DRC.

Copper Mining

Open cast or stripping method is used.
Also shaft or pit method is used.
Machines called excavators are used.
Open cast is done at Nchanga near chingaola
Deep in ground shaft or pit method is used.

Uses of copper

1. Making electrical wires
2. Making telephone wires
3. Making water and gas pipe
4. Making coils
5. Making motor vehicles radiators
6. Making ornaments, medals and utensils.
7. Mixed with broze to make brass.

Contribution of copper to the economy of zambia

1. Earn foreign exchange to the country.
2. Create employment
3. Copper sales are used to develop other sectors e.g. health services, education.
4. Workers provide aready market for the agricultural products.

Gold in South Africa

It is a yellow precious metal
South africa is the largest producer of gold in the world.
Rock cointaining gold is called reefs
Reefs is the ore that is mined
Mining began in 1886 in south africa area called witwatersrand near Johannesburg in trasvaal province.
Other mining areas are orange free state

Gold Mining

Shaft or underground mining is used as method
Electric drills are used to remove gold reef.
Gold is separated from the rocks using chemical
Gold is melted and made into bars called ignots.

Uses of gold

1. Make medals, ornaments and jewellery items e.g.rings, necklaces.etc.
2. Used by dentists to replace and coat teeth.
3. In the past gold were used as money.
4. Used to coat items e.g.pens
5. Symbol of wealth and power by kings or emperors

Contribution of gold to the economy

1. Earns foreign exchange to the country
2. Employment
3. Growth of towns e.g.krugers dorp, welkam, klerksorp and johannesburg
4. Improvement of other industries.

Soda Ash in Kenya

Rock cointaining soda ash is called trona
Mined at lake magadi.
Mining started in 1914.

Soda ash mining

Method is dredging
Machine is called dredger
Mixed with water to form shiny solution called slurry.
In factory unwanted rocks and dirt are removed from slurry
The product is then dried by evaporating
Soda ash is put in bags and exported

Uses of soda ash

1. Making glass, soap, paper and aluminium
2. Making dyes, drugs and chemicals
3. Treat water
4. Softening water in the cooking refinery
5. Softening vegetable when cooking.

Contribution of soda ash

1. Employment
2. Development of transport network
3. Growth of town e.g.magadi.
4. Earn the country foreign exchange – it is the leading mineral export in kenya.
5. Establishment of industries e.g.drug, glass, dyes and chemical manufacturers.

Problems Associated with Mining in Africa

1. Led to death e.g. gold mines in south africa.
2. Displacement of already settled people e.g. kwale district to allow for the mining of titannium.
3. Other economic activities are neglected.
4. Leds to diseases e.g. lung diseases due to dust.
5. It degrade environment through pollution.

Effects of Mining on the Environment

1. Ugliness of the land
2. Destruction of plant and animal life.
3. Pollution