GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Past Papers

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GEOGRAPHY Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Past Papers

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SECTION A

Answer all the questions in this section.

1. Give the forces which have contributed to the geoid shape of the Earth. (3 marks)
2. Name the minerals that make up the core of the Earth. (2 marks)
1. List two examples of extrusive igneous rocks.(2 marks)
2. Give three characteristics of sedimentary rocks. (3 marks)
1. Apart from aspect, list three other factors that influence the distribution of natural vegetation.(3 marks)
2. State two ways through which aspect influences the distribution of natural vegetation. (2 marks)
1. What is a mineral?(2 marks)
2. Classify each of the following rocks according to their formation:
  1. Marble
  2. Granite
  3. Mudstone (3 marks)
1. Differentiate soil profile from soil catena.(2 marks)
2. State three ways in which soil texture is important.(3 marks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
1. 1. Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map. (1 mark)
  2. Name three human made features in the grid square 0193.(3 marks)
  3. Identify the two methods used to show relief on the map. (2 marks)
  4. Calculate the area of Kisumu town. Give your answer in square kilometres. (2 marks)
  5. Name two types of natural vegetation found in the area covered by the map. (2 marks)
2. Draw a square 10 cm by 10 cm to represent the area enclosed by Eastings 00 and 10, and Northings 80 and 90. (1 mark)
  On it mark and name the following:
  1. All weather road bound surface (1mark)
  2. River Ombeyi (1mark)
  3. Chiga market (1mark)
  4. Air photo principal point (04) (1mark)
3. Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map. (4marks)
4. Citing evidence, give three economic activities carried out in the area covered by the (6 marks)
1. What is faulting? (2 marks)
2. 1. Apart from the Rift Valley, name three other features that result from faulting.(3 marks)
  2. With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe how the Rift Valley may be formed by compressional forces. (8 marks)
3. Explain how faulting influences each of the following:
  1. drainage (6 marks)
  2. transport (6 marks)

1. Name the instruments used to measure each of the following elements of weather:
  1. Humidity (1 mark)
  2. Atmospheric pressure (1 mark)
2. State three traditional methods of weather forecasting. (3 marks)

The statistical table below shows temperature and rainfall for a given station X in Africa. Use it to answer questions (b) (i) and (ii)

Month	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
Temperature (°C)	27	27	26	25	23	22	21	21	22	23	25	26
Rainfall (mm)	366	376	452	399	264	282	302	203	132	99	117	262

Calculate the:
1. annual range of temperature (2 marks)
2. total annual rainfall (2 marks)
Describe the climatic conditions of station X. (4 marks)

Explain how ocean currents influence the climate of adjacent coastal land. (6 marks)
Explain three measures that can be taken to control desertification. (6 marks)

1. Apart from landslides, list the other two forms of rapid mass wasting. (2 marks)
2. Explain how each of the following factors facilitate mass wasting:
  1. Nature of rock material (4 marks)
  2. Human activities (4 marks)
3. Explain the effects of mass wasting on the environment.
4. You intend to carry out a field study in an area affected by landslides within the vicinity. (8 marks)
  1. Give three reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school administration. (3 marks)
  2. State the advantages of studying landslides through fieldwork. (4 marks)
1. 1. Name two mountains in East Africa that are ice capped. (2 marks)
  2. Give two types of moraine. (2 marks)
2. The diagram below represents an upland glaciated landscape. Use it to answer question 10(b)(i).
  1. Name the features marked E, F and G. (3 marks)
  2. Describe how each of the following features is formed:
    1. Pyramidal peak (6 marks)
    2. Crag and tail (6 marks)
3. Explain the significance of glaciated upland areas to human activities. (6 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1. Give the three forces which have contributed to the geoid shape of the earth.
  - Centrifugal force
  - Centripetal force
  - Gravitational force
2. Name the minerals that make up the core of the earth.
  - Iron
  - Nickel
1. List two examples of extrusive igneous rocks.
  - Pumice
  - Basalt
  - Obsidian
  - Trachyte Rhyolite
  - Andesite
  - Phonolite
  - Tuff
2. Give three characteristics of sedimentary rocks.
  - They form from pre-existing/original rocks.
  - They have cleavage/joints.
  - They form horizontal layers/are stratified
  - They are non-crystalline.
  - Some sedimentary rocks contain fossils
  - They have bedding planes
1. Apart from aspect, list three other factors that influence the distribution of natural vegetation.
  - Altitude
  - Terrain/slope/gradient
  - Drainage
  - Climate
  - Soils/Edaphic factors
  - Biotic factors
  - Human factors
2. State two ways through which aspect influences the distribution of natural vegetation.
  - Windward slope of mountains/hills support growth of a wide variety/dense vegetation.
  - The leeward side supports scanty vegetation.
  - The South facing slopes of temperate latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere tend to favour luxuriant growth of forest, while the North facing slopes encourage the growth of grass./The North facing slopes of temperate latitude areas of the Southern hemisphere tend to favour luxuriant growth of forests; while south facing slopes encourage growth of grass.
1. What is a mineral?
  - It is an inorganic substance occurring naturally beneath/at earth's surface.
2. Classify the following rocks according to their formation:
  1. Marble - Metamorphic
  2. Granite - Igneous
  3. Mudstone - Sedimentary
1. Differentiate soil profile f om soil catena.
  - Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of the soil into layers/ horizons from the surface to the bedrock, while soil catena is the sequence of different soils down a slope
2. State three ways in which of soil texture is important.
  - It influences the ease of plant root penetration into the soil It regulates the soil water content.
  - It controls aeration of the soil.
  - It controls the availability and retention of nutrients within the soil.
  - It controls the size and spacing of pores in the soil.

Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (Sheet 116/2) Provided and answer the following questions:
1. Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map
  34° 45'E to 35°00'E/15"
2. Name the two three human-made features in the grid square 0193
  - Main track (motorable track)
  - Plantation
  - Agricultural Department.
  - Houses
  - Built up areas
3. Identify the methods used to show relief on the map.
  - Contours.
  - Trigonometrical stations
  - Rock and cliff drawing/pictorial
4. Calculate the area of Kisumu town. Give your answer in square kilometres.
  Complete squares = 5 x 1 = 5 kms²
  Incomplete squares = 16 x ½ = 8km²Total area 13 kms (12.5-13.5kms)
5. Name two types of natural vegetation found in the area covered by the map.
  - Scrub
  - Scattered trees
  - Woodland
  - Papyrus
Draw a square 10cm by 10cm to represent the area enclosed by Eastings 00 and 10, and Northings 80 and 90.
On it mark and name the following:
Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map.
- There are few clustered settlements within the plantation.
- There are are few/no settlements in the poorly drained areas/seasonal/swamp/winam gulf
- Dense/clustered settlements are found within Kisumu town and the surroundings/market centres/well drained areas.
- There is linear settlement along the roads.
- There are no settlements on Nyando escarpment in the North East

Citing evidence from the map, give three economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map:

ACTIVITY	EVIDENCE
Transportation	Roads/motorable track/railway
Trade	Markets/ trading centre
Quarrying	Quarries
Crop farming	Cotton ginnery/ agricultural research stations/sisal factory/ plantation
Milling	Flour mill/ Sisal factory
Communication	Post office fireless station

1. What is faulting?
  Faulting is a process of fracturing/breaking/cracking/ displacement of crustal rocks due to tensional/ compressional/ shear/ tectonic forces.
2. 1. Apart from the Rift Valley, name three other features that result from Faulting
    - Fault blocks/horst mountains/block mountains
    - Tilt blocks
    - Fault steps
    - Fault scarps/Escarpments
    - Depressions/Rift valley lakes
  2. - Layers of rocks are subjected to compressional forces then there is some instability within the earth crust.
    - Lines of weakness develop to form reverse faults.
    - The compressional forces push the outer blocks towards each other.
    - The middle block may remain but at a lower level/ sunk forming the floor of the Rift valley.
    - the overhanging parts of the outer blocks eventually collapse/ are eroded to form an escarpment.
3. Explain how faulting influences each of the following
  1. Drainage
    - Some rivers may disappear into the ground through a fault forming underground streams.
    - Vertical faulting across a river may cause a change in the base level resulting in the formation of a water fall Uplift of some parts of the river channel may cause river rejuvenation.
    - Basins/depressions resulting from faulting may be filled with water to form lakes/inland drainage basins.
    - Uplift of the landscape which may cause rivers to reverse their direction of flo
    - Faulting may expose underground water to form springs.
    - Faulting may expose underground water to form springs.
    - Faulting may cause a river to flow along a fault line leading to fault guided drainage pattern.
  2. Transport
    - Presence of fault scarps makes it difficult/expensive t construct roads/railways across fault scarps.
    - When faulting occurs part of the land is disjointed, this disrupts forms of transport/pipelines/power lines/ railway lines
    - Faulting may lead to subsidence of land which damages roads/railways/pipelines.
    - Fault features such as waterfall/cataracts become a barrier to water transport.
    - Faulting may occur across a ridge forming a pass where transport lines are constructed
    - Some rift valley lakes are used for water transport
1. 1. Name the instruments used to measure the following elements of weather
    - Humidity - Hygrometer/psychrometer/wet and dry bull thermometer
    - Atmospheric pressure - Mercury barometer/Aneroid barometer
  2. State three traditional methods of weather forecasting
    - Observing movement of animals and migration of birds
    - Observing changes in plants/shedding of leaves.
    - Observing heavenly bodies/appearance of the moon
    - Observing changes in the wind patterns.
    - Observing changes in temperature/intensity of solar radiation.
    - Observing cloud cover/colour of the sky. Appearance of a rainbow.
2. The statistical table below shows temperature and rainfa station X in Africa. Use it to answer question b(i) and b(ii)
  1. Calculate:
    Annual range of temperature
    27°C − 21°C = 6°C
    Total annual rainfall
    366+376 +452+399+264 +282+302+203+ 1325 +99+177+262=3254 mm
  2. Describe the climatic conditions of the station
    - It experiences high rainfall totals /3254 mm annually
    - Temperatures are high throughout the year. -Low annual temperature range/6°C.
    - The wettest month is march/452mm
    - There is no dry month throughout the year/rainfall throughout the year.
    - October receives the lowest rainfall amount/99mm.
3. Explain how ocean currents influence the climate of adjacent coastal land.
  - Moist winds blowing over a cold ocean current are cooled and condensed resulting in rainfall over the ocean.
  - The winds proceed to the adjacent coastal land as dry winds causing drying effect
  - Winds blowing over a warm ocean current are warmed and carry a warming effect to the adjacent coastal lands raise the temperatures.
  - When winds blow over a cold ocean current, they are cooled hence carrying a cooling effect to the adjacent coastal land/lowers the temperatures.
  - Winds blowing over a warm ocean current are warmed enabling them absorb more moisture leading to increased humidity/increase the amount of rainfall received on adjacent land.
4. Explain three measures that can be taken to control desertification
  - Controlling overgrazing by matching the number of animals kept with the land carrying capacity/ranching/ paddocking/ selling some of the excess animals to protect the soils.
  - Constructing reservoirs in dry areas to store rain water/ sink boreholes/diverting water from other areas which can be used for agriculture.
  - Afforestation/re-afforestation to increase/ improv vegetation cover/help sustain the water cycle/prevent soil erosion/soil degeneration.
  - Enforcing the laws on environmental conservation in order to manage the spread of deserts.
  - Reducing demand of wood fuel by providing alternative sources of energy use of energy saving jikos to save forests/trees.
  - Checking the advancement of sand dunes by planting barriers at the fringes of desert/ stabilizing the dunes by planting vegetation.
  - Planting drought resistant crops in arid areas to conserve soils.
  - Formation of government department and NGOs that promote environmental management/conservation as well as creating awareness on desertification to avoid spread of deserts.
1. Apart from landslides, list the other two forms of rapid mass wasting.
  - Earth flo
  - Mud flo
  - Avalanche
2. Explain how each of the following factors facilitate mass wasting.
  1. Nature of the rock
    - Massive rocks overlying weak rocks move/ slide faster along the slope.
    - Large rocks are likely to be overcome by gravity more easily than finely weathered materials
    - Steeply dipping rocks will easily experience movement.
    - When materials contain a lot of water they are lubricated/saturated and become susceptible to rapid movement.
  2. Human activities
    - Ploughing,clearing of vegetation,mining, quarrying affect the stability of surface materials causing their movement down slope.
    - External forces from moving vehicles/earth tremors from explosives shake the ground causing some materials to move down slope.
3. Explain the effects of mass wasting on the envi onment.
  - Landslides may cause rivers to change their course reducing the water volume downstream
  - Mass wasting leads to formation of derelict land with scars which spoils the beauty of the environement.
  - Mass wasting leads to retreat.
  - Some mass movement bury people and animals under large materials leading to loss of lives.
  - Landslides cause damage to property when materials cover roads/ farms/homes.
  - Movement of materials down slope facilitates the loosening of the top soil increasing erosion.
  - Mass movement may create sceneries that may become tourist attractions.
  - Materials from landslides create barriers across a river valley forming a lake.
  - Mass wasting leads to formation of new land forms.
  - Mass wasting leads to the loss of plant life/vegetation/ biodiversity.
  - Materials deposited at the base of the slope form deep soils.
4. You intend to carry out a field study in an a ea affected by landslides within the vicinity.
  1. Give three reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school administration.
    - To enable the administration provide essential tools for use during the field stud.
    - It is an official requiremen
    - To enable the administration to take care of the disruptions of the school programme.
    - To enable the administration arrange for transport lunch.
    - To enable the administration to take the necessary safety precautions.
  2. State the advantages of studying landslides through fieldwork
    - It enables learners to apply the knowledge learned in the classroom.
    - It makes learning interesting/break classroom monotony It helps learners to develop manipulative skills.
    - It enhances retention of memory.
    - It provides detailed in-depth broader learning bers It makes learning real/meaningful.
1. 1. Name two mountains in East Africa that are ice capped.
    - Mt Kenya.
    - Mt Kilimanjaro
    - Mt Ruwenzori
  2. Give two types of moraine
    - Lateral.
    - Terminal/recessional
    - Medial
    - Englacial
    - Ground/subglacial
    - Dead ice
2. 1. The diagram below represents an upland glaciated landscape. Use it to answer question b (i).
    Name the features marked
    - E-Truncated spur/waterfall
    - F-Glacial trough/U-shaped valley
    - G-Ribbon lake/finger lake
  2. Describe the formation of each of the features:
    1. Pyramidal peak
      - Ice accumulates in several cracks/ hollows on mountain sides.
      - Ice exerts pressure on the cracks/ hollows.
      - Plucking action of ice enlarges and steepens the hollows allowing more ice to collect in them.
      - Abrasion leads to enlargement/deepens the cracks/ hollows making large basins called cirques/ corries.
      - Moving ice plucks off loose rock materials from the basin thus enlarging them further.
      - Nivation eats into the back wall of basins making them recede into the mountain side.
      - Steep-sided knife-edged ridges/aretes are formed separating the basins.
      - Three or more of these ridges/aretes converge at the mountain top forming a jagged peak known as a pyramidal peak/ horn.
    2. Crag and tail
      - A large block of rock stands on the path of oncoming glacier.
      - The moving ice plucks off weak rock fragments from the upper side of the rock
      - As the ice moves round and over the resistance rock it carries the eroded materials to the lee side.
      - The leeward side does not experience erosion. Eroded materials are deposited on the leeward side of the rock
      - With time the moving ice smoothens the upslope side of the rock while deposited materials increase on the lee side.
      - The resistant rock is the crag while the materials deposited on the lee side form the tail.
3. Explain the significance of glaciated upland a eas to human activities.
  - Corrie lakes/ tarns, offer suitable areas for trout fishin - Glaciated mountains discourage human settlements hence growth of forests and therefore lumbering is practiced.
  - U-shaped valleys form natural route ways.
  - Fiord coastline, form deep well sheltered natural ersh habours/ good fishing grounds
  - Glaciated upland areas form magnificent features that
  - encourage recreation/ tourism.
  - Waterfalls formed in glaciated uplands provide suitable sites for hydro-electric power production.
  - The warm glaciated valleys are suitable for livestock farming/ cultivation.
  - Glacial erosion exposes minerals leading to easier mining
  - Melt glaciers form rivers which provide water for domestic/industrial/agricultural/use.