Agriculture Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2020 past papers

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Instructions to candidates

This paper consists of three sections; A, B and C.
Answer all the questions in sections A and B.
Answer any two questions in section C.

SECTION A (30 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section.

State two functions of walking area in a zero grazing unit. (1 mark)
Give four characteristics of succulent roughages. (2 marks)
State four symptoms of contagious abortion. (2 marks)
State four factors considered when selecting eggs for marketing. (2 marks)
State four maintenance practices that should be carried out on a hoof cutter. (2 marks)
State four limitations of a tractor as a source of power on the farm. (2 marks)
Name four beef cattle breeds. (2 marks)
State the origin of each of the following dairy cattle breeds: (1 mark)
1. Friesian
2. Ayrshire
State four control measures for foot rot. (2 marks)
State four signs of heat in pigs. (2 marks)
State two categories of livestock parasites. (1 mark)
Name two types of calf pens used in cattle production. (1 mark)
State four ways in which identification in livestock production is important. (2 marks)
State four preventive measures for livestock diseases. (2 marks)
State four reasons for castration in livestock production. (2 marks)
Name four causes of livestock diseases. (2 marks)
State four methods of fish preservation. (2 marks)

SECTION B (20 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section

Below is an illustration of the digestive system of livestock.
1. Name one livestock with the digestive system illustrated above. (1 mark)
2. Name the part labelled:
  - E ( 1 mark)
  - F ( 1 mark)
3. State two functions of the part labelled part G. (2 marks)
Below is an illustration of a bird infected with a poultry disease.
1. 1. Identify the disease. (1 mark)
  2. Name another body part also affected by the lesions or wounds. (1 mark)
2. State two predisposing factors of the disease. (2 marks)
3. State one control measure of the disease. (1 mark)
Below is an illustration of a practice carried out in poultry.
1. 1. Identify the practice. (1 mark)
  2. Give one reason why the use of a hot iron is recommended for the practice illustrated. (1 mark)
2. Name two poultry vices controlled by the practice illustrated. (2 marks)
3. State one feeding practice that helps to control these poultry vices. (1 mark)
Below is a diagram of a tool used in livestock rearing.
1. Identify the tool. (1 mark)
2. State two uses of the tool. (2 marks)
3. Give two reasons why farmers prefer using the tool. (2 marks)

SECTION C (40 marks)
Answer any two questions from this section

1. Describe seven requirements of an ideal calf pen. (7 marks)
2. State the disadvantages of natural mating in livestock breeding. (8 marks)
3. Explain five predisposing factors of mastitis disease in dairy farming. (5 marks)
1. Explain nine qualities of an ideal brooder for day old chicks. (9 marks)
2. Describe the working mechanism of a four-stroke cycle engine. (11 marks)
1. Explain five control measures for tapeworms. (5 marks)
2. Give ten functions of equipment used in clean milk production. (10 marks)
3. Describe the life cycle of a one-host tick. (5 marks)

Marking Scheme

SECTION A (30 marks)

Functions of walking area (1 mark)
- Exercise
- For dunging
- sunning
  (2 x ½mark)
Characteristics of succulent roughages (2 marks)
- High fibre content
- High moisture content
- Low protein content
- High carbohydrate content
  (4 x ½ mark)
Symptoms of contagious abortion (2 marks)
- Low libido
- Spontaneous abortion/premature birth
- Barreness
- Retained afterbirths/placenta after abortion.
- Orchitis in bulls.
- Yellow brown slimy/odourless discharged from vulva after abortion
  (4 x ½ mark)
Factors considered in selecting eggs for marketing (2 marks)
- Cleanliness
- Size of egg
- Candling qualities (Accept specific candling qualities e.g freshness).
- Egg colour
- Shell texture
  (4 x ½ mark)
Maintenance practice of hoof cutter (2 marks)
- Repair broken parts e.g. handle.
- Oil the metal parts on long storage
- Sharpen jaws when blunt
- Clean after use
- Grease moving parts to reduce friction
- Tightening the nut
- proper storage.
  (4 x ½mark)
Disadvantages of a tractor as a source of power (2 marks)
- Expensive to buy and maintain
- Requires skilled personnel
- Their use is limited in certain areas i.e slopy areas.
- It requires support services O.W.T.T.E
- Expansive to maintain
  (4 x ½mark)
Beef breeds (2 marks)
- Hereford
- Galloway
- Aberdeen angus
- Beef shorthorns
- Charolais
  (4 x ½ mark)
Origin of breeds (1 mark)
- Friesian - Holland/Holstein/Denmark Accept Netherlands
- Ayrshire - Scotland
  (2 x ½mark)
Control measures of foot rot (2 marks)
- Clean environment/avoid dampness/muddy conditions
- Regular hoof trimming
- Regular walk through foot bath/copper II sulphate solution
- Treat wounds with antiseptics
- Isolate sick animals
  (4 x ½ mark)
Signs of heat in pigs (2 marks)
- Restlessness
- Frequent urination
- Swelling & reddening of the vulva
- Clear & slimy mucus discharge from the vulva
- Frequently mounting others
- Positive response to riding test
  (4 x ½ mark)
Categories of livestock parasites (1 mark)
- Internal parasites/endo-parasites
- External parasites/ecto-parasite
  2 x ½ marks
Types of calf pens (1 mark)
- Raised permanent pens/slated floors
- Permanent calf pen with concrete floors
- Movable/Mobile calf pens
  2 x½ marks
Importance of identification (2 marks)
- Selection/breeding
- Disease control/treatment
- Feeding
- Record keeping
- Culling
- For tracing purposes.
  4 x ½ marks
Preventive measures for livestock diseases (2 marks)
- Isolation of sick animals usual
- Imposition of quarantine
- Proper feeding
- Proper housing
- Use of prophylactic measures
- Proper hygiene
- Slaughter and proper disposal of infected animals
- Use of antiseptics/disinfectants.
- Proper selection and breeding.
- Treatment of sick animals.
  To score
- Control of vectors.
- Vaccination
- Deworming
- Prophylactic drugs
  4 x½ marks
Reasons of castration (2 marks)
- To control inbreeding
- Control breeding diseases
- Hasten growth rate
- Control breeding
- Increase quality of meat especially in goats
- To make the animal docile
  4 x½ marks
Causes of livestock diseases (2 marks)
- Bacteria
- Protozoa
- Parasites
- Virus
- Nutritional disorders
- Physical injuries
- fungi.
- Chemical causes
- Amount of food eaten
  4x½ marks
Methods of fish preservation (2 marks)
- Freezing
- Salting
- Sun drying
- Smoking
  4x½ marks

SECTION B (20 marks)

1. Cattle/sheep/goat (1 mark)
2. - E - Abomasum/True stomach (1 mark)
  - F - Reticulum/Honey comb (1 mark)
3. Functions of rumen(G) (2 marks)
  - Temporary storage of food before regurgitation
  - Fermentation of food
  - Microbial digestion
    - Synthesis of vitamin B complex
    - Synthesis of Amino acids
    - Breakdown of protein to peptides
    - Breakdown of carbohydrates and cellulose to carbon(iv)oxide and volatile fatty acids
  - Absorption of ammonia gas & fatty acids
    2x1
1. 1. Fowl pox (1 mark)
  2. Legs/vent/wings (1 mark)
2. Predisposing factors of fowl pox (2 marks)
  - Presence of wounds
  - Presence of biting insects e.g. mosquitoes/mites
    2x1
3. - Vaccination (1 marks)
  - Killing and proper disposal of all infected birds
    1x1
1. 1. Debeaking (1 mark)
  2. It cauterizes the wound Prevent bleeding/Prevent infection/Sterilize the wound 1 mark
2. - Cannibalism 2 marks
  - Egg eating
    2 x 1
3. - Provide adequate balanced diet (1 mark)
  - hanging vegetables in the poultry house/ by scattering grains on the land
    1 x 1
1. - Elastrator (1 mark)
  - Rubber ring
    1 x 1
2. 1. Docking (2 marks)
  2. castration
  3. dis-budding
    2 x 1
3. 1. bloodless (2 marks)
  2. Less painful
  3. Less stressful
  4. less skills required
    2 x 1

SECTION C (40 marks)

1. Requirements of ideal calf pen (7 marks)
  - Ensure its-pens should have concrete floors to facilitate cleaning
  - Make dry and warm- dry litter should be placed on the floor to avoid dampness/wetness.
  - Roof should not leak/avoid spilling water on the floor to discourage dampness and wetness of the litter
  - Adequate space: Should be spacious for exercise, feeding and watering of calves.
  - Proper lighting - should be well lit as light is necessary for synthesis of vitamin D.
  - Proper drainage - should be constructed on a well-drained place to avoid dampness
  - Draught free - to prevent entry of cold winds and discourage infections like pneumonia
  - Proper ventilation - to allow free air circulation
  - Single housing - calves should be housed singly to prevent licking one another which can lead to formation of hair - balls in the rumen
    7 x 1
2. Disadvantages of natural mating (8 marks)
  - High chances of inbreeding
  - Possible to transmit sexual diseases
  - Males need extra costs of feeding and rearing
  - Large males can injure small females
  - A lot of semen is wasted
  - Difficult and expensive to transport a bull over long distances to serve a cow
  - Bulls are expensive to acquire
  - Most bulls are aggressive hence difficult to handle
    8x1
3. Pre-disposing factors (5 marks)
  - Age
    - old animals are likely to be infected than young ones.
  - Stage of lactation
    - animals are likely to suffer at the beginning and at the end of lactation
  - Udder attachment
    - animals with large pendulus loosely hanging udder and long teats are more susceptible to mastitis
  - Incomplete milking
    - When milk left in teat canal it acts as culture medium for bacteria
  - Mechanical injuries
    - wounds on teats/udder allow micro-organism entry into the udder.
  - Poor sanitation,
    - increases multiplication of the bacteria causing mastitis
  - Poor milking techniques
    - may result in mechanical injury of the teats, sphinster muscles of the teats
      (5 × 1
1. Requirements of ideal brooder (9 marks)
  - Litter: should be inform of wood shavings to maintain warmth and absorb moisture
  - Fresh air/ventilation: should have holes for ventilation on the walls to allow proper gaseous exchange
  - Heat source - a heat source be provided and controlled to maintain correct temperature within the broader.
  - Well lit – to allow chicks to see feeds and water.
  - Dim light is recommended as bright light blinds the chicks and enhances toe pecking
  - Have adequate waterers; and feeders; to allow for proper feeding and watering of chicks without overcrowding
  - Shape of the brooder : should be round in shape to avoid chicks overcrowding at the corners
  - Fresh feed and water:
  - Some feeds should be put on newspapers on the floor until chicks learn to feed from the feeders
  - Have adequate feeders- to allow for proper feeding without overcrowding
    9x1
2. Operation of a four stroke cycle engine (11 marks)
  - Induction stroke; the piston moves down the cylinder; inlet valve opens; fresh air and petrol is drawn into the cylinder;Exhaust valve closed.
  - Compression stroke; the inlet valve closes, outlet valve closes; the piston up moves up the cylinder; this compresses: air fuel mixture in the combustion chamber;
  - Power stroke; a spark produced by the spark plug; this causes compressed fuel mixture to light and expand; resulting in pressure that forces piston down the cylinder; .
  - Exhaust stroke: piston moves up the cylinder, eliminating burnt fuel mixture through open exhaust valve;
    11x1
1. Control measures of tapeworms (5 marks)
  - Use of anthelmintic drugs/prophylactic drugs
  - Keep animal house clean and disinfected
  - Rotational grazing
  - Keep feeders and waters clean
  - Proper disposal of human excreta
  - Proper inspection of meat
  - Proper cooking of meat
  - Ploughing of infested pastures
  - Burning of infected pastures
    5 x 1
2. Milking equipment (10 marks)
  - udder cloths and towels for cleaning/drying the udder
  - filtering pads for straining milk
  - milking jelly for applying on teats to prevent cracking
  - warm water for washing the udder
  - milking pail/bucket for milk/holding with during milking.
  - milking churn for holding milk in storage or transportation
  - milking stool to sit on during milking
  - weighing scale for weighing milk
  - cooler/fridge for cooling milk
  - strip cup for checking mastitis
  - milking machine for machine milking
  - rope/chain for retraining the cow
    10 x1
3. Life cycle of a one host tick (5 marks)
  - Eggs hatch larvae which climb onto the host and feed on blood;
  - Engorged larvae moult, nymphs emerge, feed on blood;
  - Engorged nymphs moult, adults emerge;
  - Adults feed on blood and mate;
  - Engorged female falls to ground and lays eggs;
    5x1