INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- Answer ALL the questions.
- Other than observing, name one other scientific skill developed by studying biology. (1mark)
- Name the branch of Biology that deals with the study of phylogenetic relationship among Organisms. (1mark)
- State three structural adaptations of the Red blood cell to its function. (3marks)
- The following is a transverse section from a young root
-
- Name parts Q and U (2marks)
- With a reason, name the class of the plant from which the root was obtained (2marks)
- State the function of the part labelled Q (1mark)
-
- A little starch solution was kept in a water bath at 37ºC. After a few minutes, the same volume of saliva was added. The experiment was left to stand for 15minutes. The mixture was then tested with Benedict’s solution.
- What would you do to the mixture after adding Benedict’s solution in order to get the valid results? (1mark)
- What final color would the solution change to? (1mark)
- If you added iodine instead of Benedict’s solution to the mixture of saliva and starch, what colour would the solution have? (1mark)
- A patient complained of frequent thirst. A sample of the patient’s urine was found not to have any sugar.
- Name the hormone the person was deficient of. (1mark)
- Name the gland that secretes the above hormone. (1mark)
- State the advantage of desert animals excreting their nitrogenous waste in form of urea and not ammonia. (1mark)
- In an investigation, the pancreatic duct of a mammal was blocked. It was found that the blood sugar regulation remained normal while, food digestion was impaired. Explain these observations.
(2 marks) - Explain why glucose does not appear in urine of a healthy person even though it is filtered in the Bowman’s capsule of a mammal. (1mark)
- Explain why Lamarck’s theory of evolution is not accepted by biologists today (1mark)
- Distinguish between survival of the fittest and struggle for existence (2marks)
- The diagram below illustrates a U-tube whose arms are separated by a membrane that allows water molecules only to pass.
- State how the levels of the liquids in the arms would be after several hours. (1mark)
- Arm A ……………………………………………………………………………..
- Arm B ……………………………………………………………………………...
- Explain the process taking place in the arms of the U-tube (3marks)
- State how the levels of the liquids in the arms would be after several hours. (1mark)
- The equation below represents a physiological process that occur in plants.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2- Name two conditions necessary for the process to occur (2marks)
- Identify two adaptations of the leaf for the process indicated by the equation above. (2marks)
-
- Explain the observation made on the shoot when a seedling is placed on a horizontal position (3marks)
- Black ants will always move to where there is sugar.name the response (1mark)
- The diagram below shows a nerve cell. Study it and answer the question that follow.
- Identify the type of neurone (1mark)
- Give reasons for your answer in 17 (a) above (1mark)
- On the diagram, Indicate the direction of flow of impulse (1mark)
- The diagram below is simple illustration of central nervous system and nerve supply system to the arm. The parts A, B, C and D represents points of which he nervous system can be blocked.
Identify the part that is blocked when- The hand is withdrawn but no pain is felt (1mark)
- The pain is felt and the hand is withdrawn (1mark)
- The pain is felt but the hand cannot be withdrawn (1mark)
- The pain is not felt but the hand can be withdrawn at will (1mark)
- Explain how knowledge of genetics can be applied in blood grouping and transfusion. (2marks)
- The table below is a representation of a chromatid with genes along its length. It undergoes mutation to appear as shown below.
Before Mutation L M N O P Q After Mutation L O N M P Q - Name the type of chromosomal mutation represented (1mark)
- Name one mutagenic agent (1mark)
- A certain species of a flowering plant has 23 chromosomes in the somatic cells. State and explain the number of chromosomes present in the endosperm nucleus. (2marks)
- The diagram below represents a stage in cell division. Study it and answer the questions that follow
- Identify the stage of cell division shown in the diagram above (1mark)
- Give a reason for your answer in 22 (a) above (1mark)
- The diagram below illustrates a mature embryo sac.
- Name the structures labelled: (2marks)
- A..............................................................................................................................................
- B..............................................................................................................................................
- What does structure C to transform after fertilization (1mark)
- Name the structures labelled: (2marks)
- Explain why pregnancy is not lost after the first trimester even if the ovaries are removed . (3marks)
- Identify two adaptations of a gaseous exchange surface (2marks)
-
- Identify the function following parts of a microscope (2marks)
- Diaphragm
- Condenser
- Explain the term resolution as used in microscopy (1mark)
- Identify the function following parts of a microscope (2marks)
- Name two supportive tissues in plants that are lignified (2marks)
- The diagram below represents nitrogen circulation in an ecosystem.
- Identify the following organisms (3marks)
- A ……………………………………………………………………………..
- B ……………………………………………………………………………..
- Name process E
- Identify the following organisms (3marks)
-
- Name the type of muscles found in the gut. (1mark)
- Give one difference between the muscles above and the one found in the heart (1mark)
- State two methods of preventing malaria. (2marks)
- A process that occurs in plants is represented by the equation below.
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy- Name the process. (1mark)
- State the economic importance of this process. (1mark)
- State any two rules of binomial nomenclature. (2marks)
-
- Name the causative agents of the following human diseases (2 marks)
- Bilharzia…………………………………………………………………………………………
- Amoebic Dysentery……………………………………………………………………………
- State three methods of controlling air pollution (3 marks)
- Name the causative agents of the following human diseases (2 marks)
- The diagram below represents a bone and synovial joint. Use it to answer questions that follow.
- Name the bone that articulates with bone labelled K anteriorly (1 mark)
- Name the part labeled N (1 mark)
- Identify the synovial joint above (1 mark)
MARKING SCHEME
- Other than observation, name one other scientific skill developed by studying biology. (1mark)
- Recording/analysing/drawing/collecting data;
- Name the branch of Biology that deals with the study of phylogenetic relationship among Organisms. (1mark)
- Evolution;
- State three adaptations of the Red blood cell to its function. (3 marks)
- Bi-concave in shape;
- Flexible walls;
- Has haemoglobin ;
- Non- nucleated;
- The following is a transverse section from a young root
-
- Name parts Q and U (2marks)
- Q - root hair;
- U - xylem;
- With a reason, name the class of the plant from which the root was obtained (2marks)
- Dicotyledonae; star shaped xylem;
- Name parts Q and U (2marks)
- State the function of the part labelled Q (1mark)
- Absorption of water and mineral salts;
-
- A little starch solution was kept in a water bath at 37ºC. After a few minutes, the same volume of saliva was added. The experiment was left to stand for 15minutes. The mixture was then tested with Benedict’s solution.
- What would you do to the mixture after adding Benedict’s solution in order to get the valid results? (1mark)
- Heat to boil/heat/place the mixture in a water bath;
- What final color would the solution change to? (1mark)
- Green/yellow/orange/brown;
- If you added iodine solution instead of Benedict’s solution to the mixture of saliva and starch, what colour would the solution have? (1mark)
- Brown colour is retained
- What would you do to the mixture after adding Benedict’s solution in order to get the valid results? (1mark)
- A patient complained of frequent thirst. A sample of the patient’s urine was found not to have any sugar.
- Name the hormone the person was deficient of. (1mrk)
- Antidiuretic hormone/ Vasopressin;
- Name the gland that secretes the above hormone. (1mrk)
- Pituitary gland;
- Name the hormone the person was deficient of. (1mrk)
- State the advantage of desert animals excreting their nitrogenous waste in form of urea and not ammonia. (1mrk)
- Urea requires less water for elimination; hence assist desert animals to conserve body water;
- In an investigation, the pancreatic duct of a mammal was blocked. It was found that the blood sugar regulation remained normal while, food digestion was impaired. Explain these observations. (2 mks)
- Pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes is blocked, from reaching food through the pancreatic duct; insulin and glucagon which regulates sugar is released directly to the Bloodstream and reaches the liver where it regulates sugar in the body;
- Explain why glucose does not appear in urine of a healthy person even though it is filtered in the Bowman’s capsule of a mammal. (1 mks)
- All glucose is selectively reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule back to the blood in the body system;
- Explain why Lamarck’s theory of evolution is not accepted by biologists today (1mark)
- Phenotypically acquired characteristics cannot be genetically inherited;
- Distinguish between survival of the fittest and struggle for existence (2mrks)
- Survival of the fittest is a mechanism by which beneficial variations in a population are perpetuated while the disadvantageous variations are eliminated; struggle for existence is where members of a population are constantly competing with each other in an effort to survive;
- The diagram below illustrates a U-tube whose arms are separated by a membrane that allows water molecules only to pass.
- State how the levels of the liquids in the arms would be after several hours. (1mks)
- Arm A - Drop
- Arm B - Rise
- Explain the process taking place in the arms of the U-tube (3mks)
- The concentrated solution has a higher osmotic pressure; water molecules are drawn across the membrane; by osmosis;
- State how the levels of the liquids in the arms would be after several hours. (1mks)
- The equation below represents a physiological process that occur in plants.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2- Name two conditions necessary for the process to occur (2mks)
- Light; Chlorophyll;
- Identify two adaptations of the leaf for the process indicated by the equation above. (2mks)
- Broad flat lamina to provide a large surface area for absorption of carbon IV oxide and sunlight;
- The thinness of the leaf allows light and carbon IV oxide to pass through a short distance to reach the photosynthetic cells;
- Presence of stomata ensures the efficient diffusion of carbon IV oxide to the leaf,
- The cuticle and epidermis are transparent o allow penetration of light to the palisade cells;
- The palisade cells contain numerous stomata and their arrangement and position next to the upper epidermis enables them to receive maximum sunlight;
- The existence of extensive veins which conduct water and mineral salts to the photosynthetic cells and removes the products of photosynthesis;
- The air spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer are large enough to allow gases to circulate easily;
- Name two conditions necessary for the process to occur (2mks)
-
- Explain the observation made on the shoot when a seedling is placed on a horizontal position (3marks)
- Gravity causes auxins to accumulate on the lower part; High concentration of auxins on the shoot stimulate faster elongation of cells on the lower side; causing the seedling to bed upwards;
- Black ants will always move to where there is sugar.name the response (1mark)
- Black ants by the sugar which they feed on; hence being positively chemotropic;
- Explain the observation made on the shoot when a seedling is placed on a horizontal position (3marks)
- The diagram below shows a nerve cell. Study it and answer the question that follow.
- Identify the type of neurone (1mk)
- Sensory neurone;
- Give reasons for your answer in 17 (a) above (1mk)
- The cell body is situated off the axon;
- Using an arrow show the direction of flow of impulse on the diagram (1mk)
On the diagram;
- Identify the type of neurone (1mk)
- The diagram below is simple illustration of central nervous system and nerve supply system to the arm. The parts A, B, C and D represents points the nervous system which can be blocked.
Identify the part that is blocked when- The hand is withdrawn but no pain is felt (1mk)
- A
- The pain is felt when the hand is withdrawn (1mk)
- B
- The pain is felt but the hand cannot be withdrawn (1mk)
- C
- The pain is not felt but the hand can be withdrawn at will (1mk)
- D
- The hand is withdrawn but no pain is felt (1mk)
- Explain how knowledge of genetics can be applied in blood grouping and transfusion (2mks)
- Can help in ensuring compatibility between donors and recipients to avoid agglutination; determination of disputed paternity;
- The table below is a representation of a chromatid with genes along its length. It undergoes mutation to appear as shown below.
- Name the type of chromosomal mutation represented (1mk)
- Inversion
- Name one mutagenic agent (1mk)
- Mustard gas/Colchicine/Thalidomide/DDT
- Name the type of chromosomal mutation represented (1mk)
- A certain species of a flowering plant has 46 chromosomes in the somatic cells. State and explain the number of chromosomes present in the endosperm nucleus. (2mks)
- 69; the endosperm nucleus is triploid (46/2x3)
- The diagram represents a stage in cell division. Study it and answer the questions that follow
- Identify the stage of cell division shown in the diagram above (1mk)
- Anaphase I
- Give a reason for your answer in 22 (a) above (1mk)
- Bivalents separates and each move to the opposite poles of the cell
- Identify the stage of cell division shown in the diagram above (1mk)
- The diagram below illustrates a mature embryo sac.
- Name the structures labelled: (2mks)
- A Synergids
- B Polar nuclei
- What does structure C transform after fertilization (1mk)
- Embryo
- Name the structures labelled: (2mks)
- Explain why pregnancy is not lost after the first trimester even if the ovaries are removed . (2mks)
- Progesterone is the hormone responsible for maintainance of pregnancy;during the first trimester it is produced by the ovaries;after three months the placenta is fully developed and takes up the role of production of progesterone;
- Identify two adaptations of a gaseous exchange surface (2mks)
- Have a large surface area for efficient diffusing of gases;
- Moist to dissolve respiratory gases
- Have thin epithelium for faster diffusion of respiratory gases
- Highly vascularized to maintain a steep concentration gradient
-
- Identify the function following parts of a microscope (2mks)
- Diaphragm
- An aperture that regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser to illuminate the specimen
- Condenser
- Concentrates light onto the stage
- Diaphragm
- Explain the term resolution as used in microscopy (1mk)
- The ability of a microscope to distinguish two very close structures as separate entities
- Identify the function following parts of a microscope (2mks)
- Name two supportive tissues in plants that are lignified (2 marks)
- Sclerenchyma;xylem;
- The diagram below represents nitrogen circulation in an ecosystem.
- Identify the following organisms (3marks)
- A - rhizobium ;( acc clostridium and azotobacter; acc plural) rej wrong sp;
- B - Fungi; acc bacteria;
- Name process E
- Nitrification;
- Identify the following organisms (3marks)
- Name the type of muscles found in the gut. (1 mark)
- Smooth muscles
- Give one difference between the muscles above and the one found in the heart (1 mark)
Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles not striated; Striated; Uninucleated; Multinucleated; Spindle shaped; Cylindrical;
- Name the type of muscles found in the gut. (1 mark)
- State two methods of preventing malaria. (2 marks)
- Use treated mosquito nets; slash bushes to prevent mosquito breeding; drain stagnant water;
- A process that occurs in plants is represented by the equation below
- Name the process. (1 mark)
- Alcohol fermentation/anaerobic respiration ;( rej fermentation)
- State the economic importance of this process. (1 mark)
- Bread making/baking; manufacture of dairy products; production of biogas ;( any 1)
- Name the process. (1 mark)
- State any two rules of binomial nomenclature. (2marks)
- Genus is written first followed by species; Genus starts with a capital letter; Genus and species are underlined separately when handwritten or italicized in printed work;
-
- Name the causative agents of the following human diseases (2 marks)
- Bilharzia……Schistosoma mansoni/Schistosoma japonicum/Schistosoma haematobium ;(Rules apply)
- Amoebic Dysentery…Entamoeba hystolytica;
- State three methods of controlling air pollution (3 marks)
- Use of lead free fuel/petrol; scrapped chimneys in factories; fossil fuels e.g biogas; biological methods of controlling pests and diseases ;(owtte)
- Name the causative agents of the following human diseases (2 marks)
- The diagram below represents a bone and synovial joint. Use it to answer questions that follow.
- Name the bone that articulates with bone labelled K anteriorly (1 mark)
- Pelvic girdle;
- Name the part labeled N (1 mark)
- Ligament;
- Identify the synovial joint above (1 mark)
- Ball and socket joint ;
- Name the bone that articulates with bone labelled K anteriorly (1 mark)
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