Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Catholic Diocese of Kakamega Mock Exams 2023

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

This paper consists of two sections A and B
Answer all questions in section A
In section B, answer question 6 and any other two questions.

SECTION A

Answer all the questions in this section

1. Give three characteristics of comets (3 marks)
2. Give two effects of rotation of the earth on its own axis (2 marks)
The diagram below shows a weather measuring instrument.
1. Identify the instrument (1 mark)
2. Describe how the instrument works (4 marks)
1. State three natural causes of earthquakes (3 marks)
2. Give two effects of earthquakes in built up areas (2 marks)
1. Name three types of sand dunes (3 marks)
2. Give two reasons why wind is the dorminant agent of erosion in deserts (2 marks)
1. Name two surface features in a karst landscape (2 marks)
2. Give three reasons why there are few settlements in a karst landscape (3 marks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section.

Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (Sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
1. 1. What is the title of the map (1 mark)
  2. Convert the scale of the map to a statement scale (2 marks)
  3. What is the magnetic variation of the map extract (1 marks)
2. 1. Identify two vegetation in the area covered by the map (2 marks)
  2. Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map (2 marks)
  3. Name two relief features in grid square 0686 (2 marks)
3. Describe the settlement of the area covered by the map (5 marks)
4. 1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 20m, draw a cross section along Northing 98 from Easting 96 to Easting 02. (1 mark)
    On the cross-section, mark and label:
    - River Nyang'ori (1 mark)
    - Dry weather road (1 mark)
    - Steep slope (1 mark)
  2. Calculate the Vertical Exaggeration of the cross section (2 marks)
1. 1. What is folding (2 marks)
  2. State two factors that influence the folding process (2 marks)
  3. Describe the formation of an overthrust fold (6 marks)
2. The map below shows the location of some fold mountains.
  1. Name the mountain ranges marked P, Q, R and S (4 marks)
  2. Apart from fold mountains, name three other features resulting from folding (3 marks)
3. Explain four significance of fold mountains to human activities (8 marks)
1. Define river capture (2marks)
2. Name two features resulting from river rejuvenation (2marks)
3. Explain three ways through which a river erodes (6marks)
4. Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment (6 marks)
5. Students from your class conducted a field study on a river in its old stage.
  1. State three reasons why they would require a route map
  2. Identify four characteristics of the river they would have observed
  3. State three follow up activities they would have been involved in
1. 1. What is natural vegetation? (2 marks)
  2. Identify the temperate grasslands found in the following countries.
    1. Russia (1 mark)
    2. Argentina (1 mark)
    3. Australia (1 mark)
2. 1. Describe the characteristics of the tropical rainforest (8 marks)
  2. Explain three ways in which the desert vegetation adopts to the environmental conditions of the region
    (6 marks)
3. Explain three causes of the decline of the areas under forests in Kenya (6 marks)
1. 1. What is an ocean
  2. Name two ocean currents along the western coast of Africa
2. Explain three reasons why the ocean water temperature varies
3. The diagram below shows some coastal features resulting from wave erosion.
  
  Name the features marked A, B, C and D (4 marks)
4. Describe how an offshore bar is formed (5 marks)
5. 1. Name three types of coral reefs (3 marks)
  2. Give three conditions necessary for coral growth

SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section

1. Give three characteristics of comets
  (3 marks)
  (Any 3x1-3mks)
  - Made up of frozen gases and dust/small rocky particles
  - They have a head and a tail
  - They cross orbits followed by planets
  - They move along oval-shaped orbits
  - They orbit around the sun
2. Give two effects of rotation of the earth on its own axis
  (2 marks)
  - Causes day and night
  - Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents
    It causes rising and falling of ocean tides
  - Causes time difference between longitudes/ causes a difference of one hour between meridians 15° apart
The diagram below shows a weather measuring instrument.
1. Identify the instrument
  - Maximum thermometer
    (1 mark)
2. Describe how the instrument works
  (4 marks)
  (Any 4x1= 4mk)
  - When temperature rises, the mercury expands
  - The mercury pushes the metal index forward
  - When temperature falls, the mercury contracts leaving the metal index behind
  - The maximum temperature reached is read at the end of the index that was in contact with the mercury last
1. State three natural causes of earthquakes
  (3 marks)
  - Collision of tectonic plates
  - Energy release in the mantle
  - Violent volcanic eruptions
  - Gravitative pressure
2. Give two effects of earthquakes in built up areas
  (2 marks)
  (Any 2x1=2mks)
  - Loss of life (human, animal and plant)
  - Disruption of transport and communication lines
  - Outbreak of fires
  - Avalanches and landslides may occur covering build up areas
  - Tsunamis may drown coastal settlements
1. Name three types of sand dunes
  (3 marks)
  (Any 3x1=3mks)
  - Barchans
  - Seif dunes
  - Transverse dunes
2. Give two reasons why wind is the dorminant agent of erosion in deserts
  (2 marks)
  - Presence of loose and unconsolidated dry particles in the desert
  - Scanty vegetation that leaves the surface exposed to wind erosion
  - Strong tropical storms present in deserts
1. Name two surface features in a karst landscape
  (2 marks)
  (Any 2x1=2mks)
  - Grikes and clints
  - Swallow holes/ sink holes
  - Dolines
  - Uvala
  - Polje
  - Limestone gorges
2. Give three reasons why there are few settlements in a karst landscape
  (3 marks)
  (Any 3x1=3mks)
  - Rugged landscape hindering settlement/ construction of houses
  - Scarcity of water since streams disappear underground/ few surface streams
  - Presence of thin soils that discourage farming
  - Rocky landscape that discourage settlement

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section.

1. Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (Sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
  1. What is the title of the map
    (1 mark)
    EAST AFRICA 1:50,000 (KENYA)
  2. Convert the scale of the map to a statement scale
    1 cm rep 50,000 cm
    50,000 = 0.5Km
    100,000
    1 cm rep 0.5 km or 1 cm rep km
    (2 marks)
  3. What is the magnetic variation of the map extract
    (1 mark)
    2⁰32¹
2. 1. Identify two vegetation in the area covered by the map
    (2 marks)
    - Scattered trees
    - Papyrus
    - Scrub
  2. Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map
    (2 marks)
    34°45¹- 35°00'E
  3. Name two relief features in grid square 0686
    (2 marks)
    - Ditch
    - River valley
    - Plain (Kano plain)
3. Describe the settlement of the area covered by the map
  (5 marks)
  - The south western part has few settlements
  - There is dense settlement on the western part of the area covered by the map
  - The area has many nucleated settlements
  - Nyando escarpment has few settlements
  - There is linear settlement along all weather road loose surface
  - There are few settlements in the plantation
4. 1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 20m, draw a cross section along Northing 98 from Easting 96 to Easting 02
    (5 marks)
    On the cross-section, mark and label:
    - River Nyang'ori
      (1 mark)
    - Dry weather road
      (1 mark)
    - Steep slope
      (1 mark)
  2. Calculate the Vertical Exaggeration of the cross section
    V.E = Vertical scale
    Horizontal scale
    = 1 ÷ = 1
    2,000 50,000
    = 1 X 500,000
    2,000 1
    = x 25
    (2 marks)
1. 1. What is folding
    A process of crustal distortion which causes the rocks to bend upwards or downwards. (2 marks)
  2. State two factors that influence the folding process (2 marks)
    - Rock type/ flexibility or elasticity of a rock
    - Strength or intensity of the compressional force
    - Temperature mwithin rocks/high temperatures
  3. Describe the formation of an overthrust fold (6 marks)
    - Layers of crustal rocks are subjected to intense compressional forces
    - Intense folding results in formation of an overfold
    - Continued compression due to increased pressure causes the overfold to fold further into a recumbent fold
    - When pressure is very great, a fracture occurs in the recumbent fold along which a thrust plane develops
    - The upper part of the recumbent fold slides forward along the thrust plane over the lower part
    - This results in the formation of an overthrust fold
2. The map below show the location of some fold mountains.
  1. Name the mountain ranges marked P, Q, R and S
    (4 marks)
    P - Andes
    Q - Appalachian
    R - Atlas
    S - Himalayas
  2. Apart from fold mountains, name three other features resulting from folding
    (3 marks)
    - Rolling plains
    - Ridges and valleys
    - Intermontane basin
    - Intermontane plateau
3. Explain four significance of fold mountains to human activities
  (8 marks)
  - Fold mountains are sources of rivers that provide water for the generation of H.E.P/domestic use/irrigation/industrial use.
  - Fold mountains are often forested and provide timber which is used in the building & construction
    industry/medicine/aesketic/wildlife habitat.
  - Some fold mountains have exposed valuable mineral deposits which are mined thus boasting mining industry
  - The windward side of fold mountains receive high rainfall which encourages agriculture
  - Leeward sides of fold mountains receive low rainfall hindering agriculture/ promote pastoralism
  - Fold mountains act as barriers to construction of transport and communication lines
  - Fold Mountains are a tourist attraction which brings foreign exchange.
  - Fold Mountains act as protective barriers during war.
4. 1. State two factors that influence the folding process
    - The nature of rocks
    - Strength of compressional forces
  2. Describe the formation of an overthrust fold
1. Define river capture
  (2 marks)
  - River capture is the diversion of the head waters of one river into the system of an adjacent but more powerful river
2. Name two features resulting from river rejuvenation
  (2 marks)
  - Knick points
  - River terraces
  - Incised meanders / Intrenched / abandoned incised meander
  - Rejuvenation gorges
3. Explain the three ways through which a river erodes
  (6 marks)
  - Attrition - As rock materials are transported downstream, they constantly collide against each other. The materials gradually wear down and reduce in size
  - Abrasion/corrasion - As solid rock materials are transported downstream, they are hurled against the banks and dragged along the river bed chipping off/ scouring pieces of rock from the banks and river bed
  - Solution/corrosion - Soluble rocks within the channel are dissolved
  - Hydraulic action - the power of waves remove loose rock particles from the river bank. The water also enters cracks/ crevices leading to compressed air action which breaks up the rocks.
4. Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment
  (6 marks)
  - When rivers flood, they destroy a lot of property
  - Rivers may flood leading to loss of human lives
  - Wide, deep rivers are barriers to transport especially where bridges have not been constructed
  - Rivers can be a medium of spreading waterborne diseases when the water get contaminated
  - Some rivers are habitats to dangerous animals which may attack human beings and destroy crops
5. Students from your class conducted a field study on an old stage of a river.
  1. State three reasons why they would require a route map
    (3marks)
    - To help identify the direction to follow
    - To help prepare a working schedule
    - To help identify location of features for study
    - To help estimate distances to be covered
    - To help estimate the time the field study is likely to take.
  2. Identify three characteristics of the river they would have observed
    (3 marks)
    - Low speed
    - Brown water
    - River brands
    - Meanders
    - Distributaries
    - Differed tributarie
  3. State three follow up activities they would have involved in after the field study (3marks)
    - Reading more on the topic
    - Displaying photographs / items collected
    - Asking /answering question
    - Writing reports
    - Discussing with the rest of the class
    - Analyzing/assessing the information collected against the hypothesis.
1. 1. What is natural vegetation?
    (2mks)
    - It is the plant cover that grows wildly on the earth's surface without interference from man and animal.
  2. Identify the temperate grasslands found in the following countries
    - Russia - Steppes (1mk)
    - Argentina - pampas (1mk)
    - Australia - Downs. (1mk)
2. 1. Describe the characteristics of the tropical rainforest
    (8mks)
    - Consist of mixed variety of trees species
    - Trees shed their leaves at different times of the year because of the varied tree species/ they are evergreen
    - Forest has little or no undergrowth since canopies block much light from reaching the ground
    - Forest has numerous lianas/ epiphytes which compete for light
    - Some trees have buttress roots for strong anchorage
    - Trees form three distinct canopies
    - Trees have broad leaves to provide large surface area for transpiration
    - Trees are tall, straight, smooth trunks due to competition for sunlight
    - There is little or no undergrowth because little light reaches the ground
    - Most trees have shallow and extensive roots which tap nutrients lying near the surface
    - Contain wide variety of species which are closed together in mixed stands
    - Most trees are hardwood and take long to mature.
    - Leaves have drip tips to allow rain water to drip down easily
  2. Explain three ways in which the desert vegetation adopts to the environmental conditions of the region.
    (6mks)
    - Some plants have thick/fleshy/succulent leaves to enable them store water.
    - Some have long roots to tap the ground water
    - Some plants have no leaves/ have thin /spiky/ waxy/needy-like leaves to reduce transpiration
    - Some plants have shiny surfaces to reflect light.
    - Some plants have short lives/seeds that take short time to mature to be able to survive short rains
    - Leaves have stomata on the lower surface to reduce the rate of transpiration
    - Some have reversed stomatal rhythm to reduce the rate of transpiration
3. Explain three causes of the decline of the areas under forests in Kenya.
  (6mks)
  - Areas of forests are destroyed by accidental and sometimes intended fires.
  - Diseases caused by pest and parasites attack mainly the planted forests causing many trees to dry up.
  - Human activities /settlements/logging have destroyed many forest areas.
  - Over-exploitation leads to depletion of certain tree species.
  - Government policy of degazetting of some forests made people free to clear many forested areas.
  - Prolonged drought leads to degeneration of forests some of which take long to recover
1. 1. What is an ocean
    (2 marks)
    A vast body of salty water on the earth's surface that surrounds a continent
  2. Name two ocean currents along the western coast of Africa
    (3 marks)
    - Benguela
    - Guinea
    - Canary
2. Explain three reasons why the ocean water temperature varies
  (6 marks)
  - The location of oceans - Oceans located in the tropics have high temperature while those located in high latitude areas have low temperature
  - Ocean currents - Cold ocean currents cause low temperatures in the oceans when they flow while warm ocean currents cause warm temperatures
  - Ocean depth - Temperature of surface water in oceans located in the tropics is high while the temperature of water at the bottom is low
3. The diagram below shows some coastal features resulting from wave erosion. Name the features marked A, B and C
  (3 marks)
  
  A - Stump
  B - Stack
  C - Headland
4. Describe how an offshore bar is formed
  (5 marks)
  - On a gently sloping shore, the waves start breaking offshore at low tide
  - At high tide, waves deposit materials on land where they form a beach
  - A large amount of pebbles and sand is deposited at this point
  - As the tide drops, waves keep on breaking offshore and deposition continues
  - The ridge of deposits grow higher
  - The ridge runs almost parallel to the shoreline
  - Continued deposition builds a ridge which eventually is exposed at low tide. - This forms an offshore bar
5. 1. Name three types of coral reefs
    (3 marks)
    - Fringing reef
    - Barrier reef
    - Atoll
  2. Give three conditions necessary for coral growth
    (3 marks)
    - Warm water/ temperature between 25°-29°
    - The water should be clear
    - The water should be saline
    - Shallow water/ 10-60m
    - Plentiful supply of plankton on which polyps feed
    - Polyps must be submerged
    - The water should be well oxygenated