Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Nginda Girls Mock Examination 2023

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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

The paper consists of two section A and B
Answer all question in section A
In section B answer question SIX and any other TWO questions

QUESTIONS

SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. 25 MARKS

1. Give two types of environments. [2marks]
2. State three major branches of practical geography. [3marks]
1. Differentiate between weather and climate. [2marks]
2. Give three benefits of humidity in the atmosphere. [3marks]
Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow
.
1. Identify the process labeled 3 and 6. [2marks]
2. State the force that is responsible for process 5. [1mark]
3. Highlight two factors that influence process 4. [2marks]
1. Give two causes of river rejuvenation. [2marks]
2. Identify three features that result from river rejuvenation. [3marks]
The diagram below shows some features of wind deposition. Study it to answer questions that follows
1. Identify part marked K, L and M [ 3marks]
2. State two factors that influence deposition of materials by wind in deserts. [2marks]

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

Study the map of KISUMU EAST 1: 50000 [SHEET 116/2] provided to answer the following questions.
1. 1. Apart from the type of map you are using state any other two types of maps. [2marks]
  2. Identify two vegetation in the area covered by the map [2marks)
  3. Name two methods used to represent relief in the area covered by the map. [2marks]
2. 1. In what hemisphere does Kisumu East lie? [1mark]
  2. Measure the distance of the section of railway line west of Easting 00 to Kisumu station, give your answer in kilometers. [2marks]
  3. Identify two forms of land transport in Kisumu east. [2marks]
3. 1. Describe relief of the area covered by the map. [3marks]
  2. Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map [4marks]
4. Using a vertical scale of 1cm represent 20m draw a cross section along northing 98 from Easting 96 to Easting 02. [4marks]
  On it mark and label the following. [3marks]
  River Nyangori
  Dry weather road
  Steep slope.
1. Define the karst scenery. [2mark]
  1. Explain three factors that influence the formation of features in limestone area. [6marks]
  2. Give three reasons why there are few settlements in the karst landscape. [3marks]
2. Describe how the following features are formed.
  1. Grikes and Clints. [4marks]
  2. Swallow holes. [4marks]
3. You are supposed to carry out a field study of an area eroded by underground water.
  1. Give three reasons why you would need a working schedule. [3marks]
  2. Name two erosional features you are likely to identify during the study. [2marks]
  3. State three recommendations that you could make from your study to assist the local community to rehabilitate the eroded area. [3marks]
1. 1. Define the term earthquakes. [1mark]
  2. State three types of earthquakes depending on the depth of focus. [3marks]
  3. Differentiate between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake. [2marks]
2. 1. Highlight three causes of vulcanicity. [3marks]
  2. State two types of magma. [2marrks]
  3. State three factors that influence the shape and type of volcanic features formed. [3marks]
3. Describe how hot springs are formed. [5marks]
4. Explain three ways in which volcanic features positively influence human activities. [6marks]
1. Different between derived and cultivated vegetation. [2marks]
2. Explain how the following factors influence vegetation distribution in Kenya.
  1. Living organism. [2marks]
  2. Precipitation. [2marks]
3. The map below shows the globe distribution of vegetation. Study and use it to answer the questions that follow.
  1. Identify the vegetation labelled, W and Y [2marks]
  2. Describe the adaptive characteristics of the vegetation labelled E on the map. [6marks]
4. Your class is planning to undertake a field study on vegetation in Mt. Kenya Forest`,
  1. State four preparations you would carry out. [4marks]
  2. Give three sampling techniques you would use. [3marks]
  3. Identify four problems you are likely to encounter during the actual field study. [4marks]
1. 1. what is continental shelf? [2marks]
  2. State two characteristics of the continental shelf. [2marks]
2. 1. state two types of islands. [2marks]
  2. Give three sources of ocean salts. [3marks]
  3. Give two reasons why water salinity is lower in areas around the equator seas than further away in the tropics. [2marks]
3. 1. Give two types of tides. [2marks]
  2. Using a well labelled diagram, describe how a wave break. [4marks]
4. Use the diagram below to answer questions that follow.
  1. identify the parts labeled. A, B and C. [3marks]
5. Your class carried out a field study on the coastal landforms
  1. State two features of lowland submerged coasts that you identified. [2marks]
  2. Give three reasons why you needed a route map. [3marks]

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. 25 MARKS

1. Give two types of environment. . [ 2marks]
  - Physical environment.
  - Human environment.
2. State three major branches of practical geography. [3marks]
  - Statistical methods
  - Maps and map work
  - Field work
  - Photography interpretation
1. Differentiate between weather and climate [2marks]
  - Weather is the state of the atmosphere of a given place over a short period of time WHILE climate is average weather conditions of a place recorded over a long period of time.
2. Give three benefits of humidity in the atmosphere [3marks]
  - Regulation of temperature in the atmosphere
  - helps in the development of storms in the atmosphere.
  - It indicates the potential of the atmosphere to hold moisture and the formation of precipitation.
  - Helps in regulation of human body temperature
Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow.
1. Identify the process labeled 3 and 6. [2marks]
  3------ Precipitation. /rainfall
  6-------- Surface run-off.
2. State the force that is responsible for process 5. [1mark]
  - Force of gravity/ gravitational force.
3. Highlight two factors that influence process 4. [2marks]
  - Amount of water already in the soil.
  - Porosity and the structure of the soil
  - The type of the soil.
  - The amount and seasonal changes in the vegetation cover
1. Give two causes of river rejuvenation. [2marks]
  - Unequal regional subsidence of the land along the river.
  - Vertical erosion by the river may expose resistant rock which creates Knick points hence renewing its erosive activity.
  - Regional uplift which increase the gradient along the river course and makes the river renew its erosive activity.
  - Fall in the sea level
  - Increased discharge due to river capture or precipitation
  - change in the rock resistance from hard bedrock to soft bedrock
2. Identify three features that result from river rejuvenation. [3marks]
  - Rejuvenation gorges.
  - Rejuvenation terraces
  - Abandoned meanders. /meander score
  - Incised/ingrown/entrenched meanders.
  - Knick points/rejuvenation head
The diagram below shows some features of wind deposition. Study it to answer questions that follows
1. Identify part marked.
  - K Horn 1mark
  - L Eddy currents 1mark
  - M Prevailing winds 1 mark
2. State two factors that influence deposition of materials by wind in deserts. [2marks]
  - Vegetation cover /obstacles on desert surface
  - The strength and direction of wind
  - The nature of desert surface.
  - The weight of the load carried.
  - Changes / variation in weather conditions.

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

Study the map of KISUMU EAST 1: 50000 [SHEET 116/2] provided to answer the following questions.
1. 1. Apart from the type of map you are using state any other two types of maps. [2marks]
    - Sketch Map
    - Atlas maps
  2. Identify two vegetation in the area covered by the map (2mks)
    - Scattered trees
    - Papyrus swamp vegetation
    - Scrub vegetation
  3. Name two methods used to represent relief in the area covered by the map. [2marks]
    - Use of contours.
    - Use of trigonometric stations.
    - Rock outcrop/symbols.
2. 1. In what hemisphere does Kisumu East lie? [1mark]
    - Southern hemisphere
  2. Measure the distance of the section of railway line west of Easting 00 to Kisumu station, give your answer in kilometers. [2marks]
    6.6 - ± 0.1 km
  3. Identify two forms of land transport in Kisumu east. [2marks]
    - Road transport.
    - Railway transport.
3. 1. Describe relief of the area covered by the map. [ 3marks]
    - There is a col to the northern part of the area covered by the map.
    - The northern part of the area covered by the map is steeply sloping as indicated by closely
      Packed contours.
    - The east is a plain / Kano plain /plateau
    - The lowest area is to the south west /which is about 1140m above sea level.
    - The highest is Nyando escarpment /1852m above sea level.
    - The is numerous river valley these have steep of the highlands are broad in the lowland.
    - There is a basin to the south western part of the area covered by the map.
  2. Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map [4marks]
    - There is dense settlement in Kisumu town e.g. this may be due to access of social amenities.
    - There is linear settlement in the plantation this could be due to government policy.
    - There is linear settlement along some roads for easy movement.
    - The land immediate to the west of the escarpment has many settlements because it is gently sloping / undulating
    - Hills has few settlements on the North eastern side because the land has steep slopes.
    - There is dispersed settlement in Nyando escarpment due to rugged terrain/steep slopes
4. Using a vertical scale of 1cm represent 20m draw a cross section along northing 98 from Easting 96 to Easting 02. [4marks]
  On it mark and label the following. [3marks]
  River Nyangori
  Dry weather road
  Steep slope.
1. Define the karst scenery. [2mark]
  - is a landscape of chalk /limestone/dolomite rock made of surface and underground features formed by the carbonation /solution process.
    1. Explain three factors that influence the formation of features in limestone area. [6marks]
      - Deep water table far below the limestone rock surface to allow the formation of the karst features.
      - Presence of thick limestone rocks to allow solubility by rain water.
      - Hard and well jointed rocks to allow water to percolate for carbonation process to take place.
      - Hot-humid /high temperatures and moderate rainfall to facilitate chemical weathering
    2. Give 3 reasons why there are few settlements in the karst landscape. [3marks]
      - Areas are rocky hence unsuitable for human activities.
      - Have thin soils which is unsuitable for agriculture.
      - Have rugged surfaces hence unsuitable for settlement.
      - Have inadequate water supply as most water sink underground.
      - Have poor vegetation cover.
2. Describe how the following features are formed.
  1. Grikes and Clints. [4marks]
    - Rain water absorbs carbon IV oxide to form weak carbonic acid.
    - The water percolates through the joints in the limestone rock and react with limestone to form a solution of calcium bi-carbonate.
    - The rock is dissolved which enlarge the joints.
    - The joints become deeper and wider to form gullies/ valleys called grikes.
    - The gullies are separated by ridges called clints. 4marks.
  2. Swallow holes. [4marks]
    - Rain water absorbs carbon IV oxide to form weak carbonic acid.
    - The water percolates through the joints in limestone rocks and react with calcium bi-carbonate
    - The solution process enlarges the vertical joints to form deep vertical holes from the surface into the underground caves/caverns called sink holes.
    - Rain /river water may disappear underground through this hole to form a swallow hole. 4 marks.
3. You are supposed to carry out a field study of an area eroded by underground water.
  1. Give three reasons why you would need a working schedule. [3marks]
    - To ensure all planned activities are carried out/ no important area is forgotten
    - To save on time programmed for the field study.
    - To ensure well-coordinated field study among students.
    - To avoid being distracted to unintended activities
    - to ensure the objectives of the filed study are achieved.
    - To ensure no important area is forgotten
  2. Name two erosional features you are likely to identify during the study. [2marks]
    - Expose rocks/inselbergs/tors
    - Ridges/clints
    - Gullies/wadis/grikes/dry valleys
  3. State three recommendations that you could make from your study to assist the local community to rehabilitate the eroded area. [3marks]
    - Building gabions
    - Constructing terraces
    - Planting tress / planting cover crops
    - Adapting farming methods that allow soil conservation/contour ploughing /strip cropping 3 marks
1. 1. Define the term earthquakes. [1mark]
    - An earthquake is a sudden and rapid earth movements which cause vibrations in the rocks of the earth’s crust./It is the trembling and shaking of the crustal rocks caused by shock waves originating from the interior of the earth.
  2. State three types of earthquakes depending on the depth of focus. [3marks]
    - Shallow focus earthquakes.
    - Intermediate focus earthquakes.
    - Deep focus earthquakes.
  3. Differentiate between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake and give a scale used to measure each. [2marks]
    - intensity of an earthquake is how strong or hard an earthquake shakes the ground and it is measured using the rossi-forrel /Mercalli scale WHILE magnitude is the amount of energy given off by an earthquake and is measured using the Richter scale . ans. 2marks.
2. 1. Highlight three causes of vulcanicity. [3marks]
    - High pressure in the interior /mantle layer which released by earth movements.
    - High interior temperatures cause the solid rocks to melt and change into molten materials.
    - Underground water coming into contact with hot magma /hot volcanic rocks –water is heated and change into gaseous under pressure to form steam jets /geysers and hot springs.
    - Earth movements /folding /faulting/earthquakes which cause rocks to crack forming fissures, joints and vents /pipes through which molten material or magma comes out.
  2. State two types of magma. [2marrks]
    - Acidic /viscous magma
    - Basic magma
    - Ultra-basic magma
    - Intermediate magma
  3. State three factors that influence the shape and type of volcanic features formed. [3marks]
    - Type of magma/lava /viscosity of magma or lava.
    - Nature of eruption – quiet or violent eruption
    - Type of opening used by magma such as fissures, pipes/ vents.
3. Describe how hot springs are formed. [5marks]
  - Rain water percolates through cracks /fissures and comes into contact with hot volcanic rocks /hot magma underground.
  - The water is heated to form steam /vapour which expands and collect in underground chambers /sumps which contain water.
  - The water in the sumps get superheated by the hot steam.
  - The heated water builds up pressure that force the steam upwards through the cracks and joints/faults.
  - The steam heats the ground water near the surface and force it to flow out to the surface.
  - The steam near the ground surface may cool and condense to make hot water flowing out on the surface.
  - The warm / hot water flows out on the surface quietly and continuously to form hot springs. 5 marks.
4. Explain three ways in which volcanic features positively influence human activities. [6marks]
  - Volcanic rocks weather and form well drained volcanic soils which support agriculture.
  - Volcanic mountains /highlands attract high rainfall on the wind ward side which is a source of rivers that provide water for domestic use.
  - Volcanic mts /highlands attract high relief rainfall that encourage agriculture and settlement
  - Volcanic mts. influence formation of relief rainfall that supports forests bon mt. slopes which are exploited for timber /building and construction materials.
  - Some volcanic rocks are important building and construction materials promoting industry e.g., trachyte.
  - Volcanic mts. Highlands modify temperatures and make it attractive to human settlement and agricultural activities.
  - Steam jets and geysers provide suitable sites for generation of geothermal power.
  - Volcanic eruption from pipes with valuable minerals which are mined and sold to generate income /foreign exchange /industrial raw materials
1. Different between derived and cultivated vegetation. [2marks]
  - Derived vegetation is a plant cover that grows in an area after natural vegetation is interfered with human beings/man WHILE planted /cultivated vegetation is a plant cover which has been planted by man.
2. Explain how the following factors influence vegetation distribution in Kenya.
  1. Living organism. [2marks]
    - Bacteria/earthworms and burrowing animals improve soil fertility resulting into more vegetation growth
    - Insects and birds pollinate plants enhancing their propagation.
    - Bacteria and insects cause plant diseases resulting in death of some plants e.g., aphids which affect cypress in the 80s
    - Large herds of wild animals can destroy vegetation through overgrazing and lead to loss of natural vegetation leading to growth of derived vegetation.
    - Human beings / man, afforestation efforts by man leads to creation of planted forest /vegetation.
  2. Precipitation. [2marks]
    - there is a high number of trees in areas with high precipitation and these areas are dominated by forest with broad leaved tress to help increase the rate of transpiration.
    - Areas with moderate rainfall are dominated by grasslands.
    - Areas with low rainfall have scanty vegetation with thin leaves or fleshy stems.
    - High precipitation supports luxuriant growth of vegetation/ derived vegetation.
3. The map below shows the globe distribution of vegetation. Study and use it to answer the questions that follow.
  1. Identify the vegetation labelled, W and Y [2marks]
    Y ------------------------------------- Equatorial /tropical rain forest.
    W--------------------------------------coniferous forest.
  2. Describe the adaptive characteristics of the vegetation labelled E on the map. [6marks]
    - The grass dries up in the dry season as a preservation measure against drought and quickly sprouts the onset of rains
    - Most tress are thorny to protect them from browsing animals
    - Most have long roots to tap underground water
    - Most tress gave thin waxy leaves to reduce water loss through transpiration.
    - Most tress are umbrella shaped to provide shade on the ground hence reduce water loss through evaporation
    - Some tress such as baobab have thick fleshy stems to store water
    - Some tress shed their leaves during the dry season to reduce water loss through evaporation.
4. Your class is planning to undertake a field study on vegetation in Mt. Kenya Forest`,
  1. State four preparations you would carry out. [4marks]
    - seeking permission from the relevant authorities
    - setting the objectives and hypothesis
    - holding discussion on the topic of study
    - Carrying out a pre- visit
    - Reading more on the topic of study
    - Prepare a working schedule
    - Obtain a route map
    - Gathering the relevant materials and tools for the field work etc.
  2. Give three sampling techniques you would use. [3marks]
    - Cluster sampling
    - Stratified sampling
    - Systematic sampling
    - Random sampling
  3. Identify four problems you are likely to encounter during the actual field study. [4marks]
    - Attack by wild animals
    - Presence of thick vegetation cover may hinder movement within the forest.
    - Injuries from thorns
    - Fatigue
    - Adverse weather conditions I.e., heavy rainfall
    - Difficulty in identifying types of vegetation
1. 1. what is continental shelf [2marks]
    - It is the smooth, gently sloping platform which starts from the continental land mass into the ocean water and ends abruptly into the continental slope.
  2. State two characteristics of the continental shelf. [2marks]
    - Gently sloping and fairly smooth surface.
    - Shallow waters up to 180m deep.
    - Most planktons which serve as food fish are found
    - Narrow straight coasts but wide in indented or irregular coasts.
    - Some have islands due to marine erosion and deposition.
    - May have coral reefs.
    - Has deposits of shingle, shells and mud.
    - Some have deep valleys or canyons cut by river erosion or by faulting
2. 1. state two types of islands. [2marks]
    - Continental islands
    - Oceanic islands
    - Coral islands
  2. Give three sources of ocean salts. [3marks]
    - Run-off water carrying dissolved salts into the sea.
    - Vulcanicity on the sea bed with the salts in magma being dissolved.
    - Melt water with dissolved salts.
    - Salty bed rocks dissolved by ocean water.
    - Salts dissolved in rivers flowing into oceans.
  3. Give two reasons why water salinity is lower in areas around the equator seas than further away in the tropics. [2marks].
    - Heavy rainfall resulting in many fresh water rivers that dilute salts in oceans.
    - Lower evaporation due to high humidity in the atmosphere leading to lower salts concentration in water.
3. 1. Give two types of tides. [2marks]
    - Perigean tides.
    - Apogean tides.
    - Spring tides.
    - Neap tides.
  2. Describe using a diagram how a wave break. [4marks]
    - As waves nears the coastal land the water of the shore becomes shallow.
    - There is increased friction between the water and the sea bed.
    - This makes the height of the wave to reduce.
    - The crest of the wave surges forward suddenly which is called wave breaking.
      DIAGRAM- 2marks
      EXPLANATION- 2marks
4. Use the diagram below to answer questions that follow.
  1. identify the parts labeled.
    - A An island [1mark]
    - B A spit [1 mark]
    - C Bay [1mark]
5. Your class carried out a field study on the coastal landforms
  1. State two features of lowland submerged coasts that you identified. [2marks]
    - Estuaries /estuarine coasts
    - Broad continental shelf
    - Fiords/fjords coast.
  2. Give three reasons why you needed a route map. [3marks]
    - To help identify the direction to follow / to avoid getting lost.
    - To help in the preparation of a working schedule.
    - To help identify the location of features during the study.
    - To estimate the time the filed study is likely to take.
    - To help estimate the cost of study.