History Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Lainaku 1 Joint PreMock Exams 2023

• This paper consists of three sections A, B and C.
• Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from section C.
• Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed and that no questions are missing.
• Candidates should answer the questions in English.

                                                                                     SECTION A   (25 marks)

                                                                          Answer ALL questions in this section

1. Identify two periods in history. (2 marks)
2. Give two species of the early man whose remains were discovered in Kenya. (2 marks)
3. State two social functions of the Oloibon among the Maasai during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks)
4. Identify one Arab dynasty that ruled East African coastal city states in the 16th century.  (1 Mark) 
5. Give two ways in which education promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks)
6. State two reasons why the Portuguese built Fort Jesus. (2marks)
7. Name the type of constitution used in Kenya. (1 Mark) 
8. Name one kikuyu independent church that emerged in Kenya during the colonial period.  (1 Mark) 
9. What was the main ideological difference between KANU and KADU after their formation in 1960? (1 Mark) 
10. Name two sections of the Luo that resisted the British rule in Kenya. ( 2 marks)
11. Give two reasons why Africans who lived in urban areas formed welfare organizations during the colonial period. (2 marks)
12. Give the main reason for the introduction of the Kipande system in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 Mark) 
13. State two grievances of the Taita Hills Association. (2marks)
14. Identify one type of treaty used by Europeans to acquire colonies in East Africa. (1 Mark) 
15. Identify the main contribution of Oginga Odinga to political democracy in Kenya.   (1 Mark) 
16. Give the main function of the correctional services in Kenya. (1 Mark) 
17. State the main function of the Judiciary in Kenya. (1 Mark) 
    
                                                                           SECTION B (45 marks)
                                                       Answer ANY THREE questions from this section.
18.  
    1. Give three sub-tribes of the Ameru. ( 3marks)
    2. Describe the political organization of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period.  (12 marks)
19.  
    1. Give three reasons why Seyyid Said transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1840. (3 marks)
    2. Explain six effects of long distance trade on the people of East Africa.  (12 marks)
20.  
    1. State three reasons why the colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya. (3marks)
    2. Explain six effects of the construction of the Uganda railway. (12 marks)
21.  
    1. Identify five roles played by women in the struggle for independence in Kenya.  (5marks)
    2. Discuss five factors which enabled the Mau Mau freedom fighters to sustain the fight against the British. (10 marks)
       
                                                                     SECTION C (30 marks)
                                                     Answer ANY TWO questions from this section.
22.  
    1. State three peaceful methods of conflict resolution in Kenya. (3 marks)
    2. Explain six importance of National Integration to the people of Kenya. (12 marks)
23.  
    1. Identify three non-military functions of the Kenya Defence Forces. (3 marks)
    2. Discuss six measures that have been introduced to improve the work of national police service. (12 marks)
24.  
    1. State three elective positions in Kenya. (3marks)
    2. Explain six functions of the cabinet in Kenya. (12 marks)

                                                                        MARKING SCHEME

                                                                                     SECTION A   (25 marks)

                                                                           Answer ALL questions in this section

1. Identify two periods in history. (2 marks)
   1. Pre-history
   2. History
2. Give two species of the early man whose remains were discovered in Kenya. (2 marks)
   1. Dryopithecus Africanus (proconsul)
   2. Kenyapithecus
   3. Australopithecus
   4. Homo erectus
3. State two social functions of the Oloibon among the Maasai during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks)
   1. He presided over religious functions like offering sacrifices.
   2. He advised and blessed warriors before war/declared war.
   3. He foretold what would happen in future.
4. Identify one Arab dynasty that ruled East African coastal city states in the 16th century.   (1 Mark) 
   1. Mazrui
   2. Busaidi
   3. Nabahan
5. Give two ways in which education promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks)
   1. Use of one curriculum/syllabus in all public schools
   2. Use of one medium of instruction (English and Kiswahili)
   3. Common national examinations
   4. Centralized training and deployment of teachers
   5. National schools draw students from all parts of Kenya
   6. Common co-curricular activities i.e. drama and music activities in schools
6. State two reasons why the Portuguese built Fort Jesus. (2marks)
   1. It acted as a hiding place against attacks from their enemies.
   2. It was used as a base for sending expeditions against resisting communities of the coast.
   3. It was used as a storage for armaments.
   4. It was used as a watch tower to see attackers from a distance.
   5. It was used as an administrative base by the Portuguese.
   6. It was used as prison for war captives.
7. Name the type of constitution used in Kenya. (1 Mark)  
   • Written constitution
8. Name one independent association that promoted education in central Kenya during the colonial period. (1 Mark)  
   1. Kikuyu Independent Schools Association (KISA) was established -1929.
   2. Kikuyu Karing’a Educational Association (KKEA) was formed -1930.
9. What was the main ideological difference between KANU and KADU after their formation in 1960? (1 Mark)  
   • KANU advocated for a unitary constitution while KADU advocated for a federal constitution.
10. Name two sections of the Luo that resisted the British rule in Kenya. ( 2 marks)
    1. Luo of Sakwa
    2. Luo of Seme
    3. Luo of Uyoma
    4. Luo of Ugenya
    5. Luo of Kisumu.
11. Give two reasons why Africans who lived in urban areas formed welfare organizations during the colonial period. (2 marks)
    1. United them for a common cause by lessening ethnic hostilities
    2. To assist each other during social ceremonies/functions i.e. burials
12. Give the main reason for the introduction of the Kipande system in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 Mark)  
    • To prevent the African labourers from deserting their duties on European farms.
13. State two grievances of the Taita Hills Association. (2marks)
    1. To achieve equal political status with whites and Asians. 
    2. To help the Taita community to advance.
    3. To protest the destocking policy.
    4. Oppose the plan to relocate the Wadawida people from Taita hills to the plains to create room for white settlers. 
    5. They were opposed to the kipande system 
    6. They were against forced labour i.e. The Europeans forced the Wataita to work on coffee plantations and ferry the coffee over long distances 
    7. They were against the low wages paid by the settlers
14. Identify one type of treaty used by Europeans to acquire colonies in East Africa.   (1 Mark)  
    1. The Anglo-German Agreement of 1886.
    2. Heligoland Treaty of 1890. / the second Anglo-German treaty of1890
15. Identify the main contribution of Oginga Odinga to political democracy in Kenya.   (1 Mark)
    • He was the official opposition leader. 
16. Give the main function of the correctional services in Kenya. (1 Mark) 
    • They rehabilitate inmates through counseling in an attempt to correct their behaviour.
17. State the main function of the Judiciary in Kenya. (1 Mark)  
    • Administration of justice.
      
                                                                              SECTION B (45 marks)
                                                           Answer ANY THREE questions from this section.
18.  
    1. Give three sub-tribes of the Ameru. ( 3marks)
       1. Igembe
       2. Tigania
       3. Tharaka
       4. Imenti,
       5. Chuka
    2. Describe the political organization of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period.   (Any 6x2=12 marks)
       1. They had a decentralized system of government.
       2. They had clans and sub-clans (Mbari) living in the same ridge.
       3. A clan or ridge was under a spokesperson (Muramati).
       4. They were ruled by councils of elders (Kiama).
       5. The councils of elders performed various tasks including religious, administrative and judicial functions.
       6. There existed two generation sets (Mariika): Mwangi and Maina, with each performing leadership roles alternately for a period of time.
       7. They had a class of warriors for defense, directed by councils of elders.
       8. They had other leaders like the prophets, priests and diviners who played important political roles in the society.
19.  
    1. Give three reasons why Seyyid Said transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1840. (3 marks)
       1. Seyyid said desired to effectively control the coastal towns through the centrally located Zanzibar.
       2. Zanzibar had a pleasant climate compared to Muscat which was hot and dry.
       3. It also had fresh water, adequate rainfall and fertile soils that favored clove growing.
       4. Zanzibar was easily defensible as an island. It was easy to see the enemy from far and launch an attack from the island.
       5. The deep natural harbours of Zanzibar in which ships could anchor were attractive.
       6. Zanzibar’s central position also favoured development of long distance trade.
       7. The town had a long history of loyalty to Oman throughout the Mazrui- Busaidi struggle.
    2. Explain six effects of long distance trade on the people of East Africa.  (12 marks)
       1. The trade led to intermarriage between Muslim traders with the local Bantu communities giving rise to the Swahili people with a distinct culture.
       2. There was emergence of Kiswahili as a new language of the coastal people. The language is a mixture of Bantu and Arabic languages.
       3. The trade led to the spread of the Islamic culture along the coastal region. Stone buildings were constructed, new dressing styles arose (women began to wear buibui while men wore kanzus), new eating habits also evolved.
       4. The Islamic law, sharia was also introduced in administration.
       5. Many Africans were converted to Islam. However, the religion did not spread beyond the coastal region prior to the 19th century.
       6. New crops were introduced along the coast. For example, rice, wheat, millet, cloves, vegetables and fruits such as bananas and oranges. Cloth, cowrie shells and spices were also introduced.
       7. Development of towns like Pemba, Mombasa, Lamu, Zanzibar and Kilwa from profits from the trade.                                           
       8. The trade led to the rise of a class of rich merchants exhibiting a high standard of living. African merchants who rose to prominence included chief Kivoi among the Akamba, Ngonyo of the Giriama, Mwakikonga of the Digo, Nyungu ya mawe, Mirambo and Msiri of the Nyamwezi.
       9. There was decline of the local industries like weaving and iron working which were affected by the influx of foreign goods like cloth from India and iron tools from Asia and Europe.
       10. There was destruction of wildlife, especially elephant and rhinoceros due to the increased demand for ivory. 
       11. The increased demand for slaves promoted warfare among the communities as many people were captured during slave raids. It also created fear while others lost their life during the warfare.
       12. Slave trade also disrupted African economies as able bodied men were captured leaving behind the aged, weak, and children who made little contribution.  Many even died of starvation since they could not participate in food production.
       13. African population in the hinterland greatly reduced as many were sold into slavery.
       14. Money (currency) was introduced as a means of exchange to replace the barter system of trade.
       15. Trade routes led to the establishment of trade caravan routes which later were upgraded to roads by the colonialists.
20.  
    1. State three reasons why the colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya. (3marks)
       1. They hoped that settler farming would meet the cost of administration and railway maintenance. 
       2. The British industries were also in need of cheaper raw Materials in an increasingly competitive European Market.  These raw materials would be cheaply produced by the settlers.
       3. The settlers would also help control the prevailing Asian immigration and influence in Kenya.
       4. The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a white man’s country by encouraging white settlers to form the backbone of the economy.
       5. Kenya Highlands had cool wet climate and fertile volcanic soils suitable for European settlement and agriculture. 
       6. Existence of already willing entrepreneurs like Lord Delamere and Captain Grogan who were ready to come to Kenya and engage in profitable agriculture.
       7. The Whites would be loyal to the colonial government as opposed to the Africans.
    2. Explain six effects of the construction of the Uganda railway. (12 marks)
       1. It led to development of European settler farming in order to make the railway pay for its construction.
       2. There was rampant land alienation. The colonial government alienated African land for railway construction forcing communities like the Maasai and Nandi to move into reserves.
       3. There was rise of wage labour for the railway and later for the settler farmers. 
       4. It led to growth of urban centres along the railway line e.g. Nairobi. Railway construction promoted economic growth of the East African region. This is because farm produce and other commercial products could easily reach the market.
       5. It led to rise of large Asian settlement since many Indians were employed as railway workers. This Asians boosted trade in East Africa.
       6. It led to development of other forms of infrastructure like the roads and telecommunication lines. This stimulated trade development.
       7. It led to transfer of the administrative capital from Mombasa in 1905 to Nairobi.
       8. When the railway reached Kisumu in 1902, it led to major changes to the administrative boundaries within East African region. Initially, the western region up to Naivasha was part of Uganda.
       9. The railway became a major revenue source for the colonial authorities.
       10. It facilitated the establishment of colonial rule in Kenya since it was possible for rapid movement of troops. 
       11. It facilitated the cultural and social interaction among the different races.
       12. The railway made rural-urban migration and the resultant African enterprises such as hawking and charcoal – selling possible.
       13. Other forms of transport and communication developed and expanded along the railway line. For example roads and telecommunications.
       14. Christian missionaries were able to move into the interior, where they established mission churches and schools.
21.  
    1. Identify five roles played by women in the struggle for independence in Kenya.    (5marks)
       1. The women acted as spies/informers to the Mau Mau fighters in Nairobi and other urban centres.
       2. They contributed to the establishment of independent churches and schools. For example, Legio Maria was co-founded by a Woman, Aoko, in Western Kenya.
       3. They provided food to the fighters in the bushes.
       4. In central Kenya, they composed songs and dances, which ridiculed colonial chiefs and other agents of the colonial system. E.g. Muthirigu.
       5. They, looked after families, as the men were busy fighting in the forests.
       6. They hid the fighters in houses.
       7. They participated in the oathing ceremonies, some acting as chief oathing administrators. 
       8. Some participated actively in the freedom wars and were even killed e.g. Marshal Muthoni, Elizabeth Gachika etc.
       9. They participated in demonstrations and meetings to fight colonialists. 
       10. They joined the MAU MAU fighters in the forests, with the main role of organizing and coordinating the rural network.
       11. They smuggled arms from the whites to the fighters.
       12. They led and inspired the resistance through their prophecy and encouragement e.g. Moraa and Mekatilili wa Menza. 
       13.  In 1960, a woman, Priscilla Abwao, took part in the Lancaster House Conference, in London, to prepare the independence constitution.
    2. Discuss five factors which enabled the Mau Mau freedom fighters to sustain the fight against the British. (10 marks)
       1. Oathing, which united the people and gave them the courage, determination and momentum during the course of the rebellion. 
       2. The use of guerilla tactics ensured less loss of life and prolonged the war. It made it difficult for the British to suppress the rebellion.
       3. The support to the fighters from the civilians who supplied food, water, spying etc.
       4. Strong leadership of the movement by people like Dedan Kimathi, Waruhiu Itote (General China), Stanley Mathenge and General Matenjagwo. 
       5. The deep resentment of the people against the Europeans gave them the reason to continue fighting. 
       6. The natural forests of Mount Kenya and Aberdare ranges provided good hideouts for the fighters. 
       7. The fighters had enough weapons. They accessed weapons like the homemade guns, swords and Machetes to add to what they were able to seize from the settlers.
          
                                                                              SECTION C (30 marks)
                                                             Answer ANY TWO questions from this section.
22.  
    1. State three peaceful methods of conflict resolution in Kenya. (3 marks)
       1. Arbitration.
       2. Diplomacy.
       3. Legislation.
       4. Use of elders.
       5. Religious action.
       6. Court action/litigation.
       7. Mediation
    2. Explain six importance of National Integration to the people of Kenya.  (12 marks)
       1. It promotes rapid social and economic development in a country / enables people to develop a country.
       2. Promotes peaceful co-existence of different ethnic groups and races in a country.
       3. It helps limit suspicion and enhances security.
       4. It enables people tackle problems together.
       5. It enhances political stability in a country.
       6. It promotes collective responsibility among citizens in a country.
       7. It makes Kenya to speak with one voice in international fora like UNO.
       8. It attracts foreign investment.
       9. It unites Kenya and hence earning herself recognition and can be invited to take part in international activities like peace keeping missions or being chosen as a headquarters of an international agency e.g. UNEP
23.  
    1. Identify three non-military functions of the Kenya Defence Forces. (3 marks)
       1. They participate in public works / nation building activities e.g. road construction (public / nation building initiative). 
       2. They provide emergency services e.g. fighting fire.
       3. They provide entertainment during national functions.
    2. Discuss six measures that have been introduced to improve the work of national police service. (12 marks)
       1. Acquisition of modern communication equipment and vehicles to improve transport and communication. 
       2. Introduction of public relations officer and spokes-person to improve public relations.  iii. Raise qualification requirements.
       3. Introduction of professional training programmes. 
       4. Improvement in living and working conditions and terms. 
       5. Community policing has been introduced. 
       6. Streamlining the recruitment of personnel to reflect diversity of Kenyan people.
       7. Employing more police personnel to improve the overall police population ratio.
       8. Increased surveillance along the common border by patrol bases and deploying more personnel to curb illegal entry in to the country.
       9. Increased duration of training to make them more efficient in fighting crime.
24.  
    1. State three elective positions in Kenya. (3marks)
       1. Presidential
       2. Gubernatorial/governor
       3. Senatorial
       4. County Woman Representative
       5. Member of Parliament to represent constituency
       6. Member of county assembly
    2. Explain six functions of the cabinet in Kenya. (12 marks)
       1. To advise and assist the president in governing the country.
       2. To discuss national and international issues.
       3. To perform delegated duties by the president e.g. appointment of board members of parastatals.
       4. They formulate government policies and programmes like giving guidelines on Kenya’s domestic policy which include the economy, social welfare, law and order.
       5. They initiate new bills and table them in the national assembly.
       6. They are in charge of their ministries giving them direction, managing them and ensuring that they are running smoothly.
       7. The one in charge of finance formulates the national budget and presents it to the National assembly for approval.