History Form 1 Questions and Answers - End Term 2 Exams 2021

History Form 1 End Term 2 Exams 2021 with Marking Schemes

SECTION A

1. State the two theories explaining the origin of Agriculture. ( 2 marks)
2. Which was the first animal to be domesticated by man? ( 1mark)
3. Give two functions of Fort Jesus. ( 2 marks)
4. Define the term Mesopotamia. ( 1 mark)
5. List down any irrigation methods used in Egypt. ( 2 marks)
6. What does the term Agrarian revolution mean? ( 1 mark)
7. Define the term Third world Country. ( 1 mark)
8. Who were the early inhabitants of Kenya? ( 2 marks)
9. Name any two communities that belong to the coastal Bantus. ( 2 marks)
10. List down two items of trade from East Africa during the Indian Ocean trade. ( 2 marks)
11. Identify any two cultural aspects of the Khoisan stock. ( 2 marks)
12. What type of government does Kenya practice ? Give a reason.( 2 marks)

SECTION B

13. 
    
    1. Highlight five Mijikenda clans.( 5 marks)
    2. Explain five reasons for Nilotes migration from their original homeland. ( 10 marks)
14.  
    1. Name any five early visitors to the East African Coast up to 1500AD. ( 5 marks)
    2. Explain five reasons why the Portuguese succeeded in conquering The East African Coast. ( 10 marks)

SECTION C

15.  
    1. State any five sources of information about East African coast up to the 19^th Century.   (5 marks)
    2. Explain five reasons for the growth of the Indian Ocean Trade. (10 marks)
16.  
    1. List five functions of the council of elders during the pre-colonial period. ( 5 marks)
    2. Describe the social organization of the Agikuyu. ( 10 marks)
17.  
    1. Name five Economic activities of the Maasai. ( 5 marks)
    2. Explain five reasons for the coming of the Arabs. ( 10 marks)

Marking Scheme

SECTION A

1. State the two theories explaining the origin of Agriculture. ( 2 marks)
   • The diffusion theory, also called Centrifugal theory. According to this theory, agriculture developed among the people of S.W Asia from where it spread to the rest of the world.
   • The independent theory. This theory states that agriculture must have developed independently especially along river valley in different parts of the world.
2. Which was the first animal to be domesticated by man? ( 1mark)
   DOG
3. Give two functions of Fort Jesus. ( 2 marks)
   • As a watch tower so as to see the enemy from far and prepare for an attack
   • As a hiding place against their enemies
   • As a military base – where they stored armaments, food and provided a resting place for the soldiers.
   • As a prison for captives.
4. Define the term Mesopotamia. ( 1 mark)
   Mesopotamia means the ‘land between two rivers’. The Tigris and Euphrates. This is the present day Iraq.
5. List down any irrigation methods used in Egypt. ( 2 marks)
   Shadoof and Canal Irrigation
6. What does the term Agrarian revolution mean? ( 1 mark)
   The agrarian revolution refers to the radical change in methods of agriculture and livestock rearing. This change was brought about by invention and use of machines.
7. Define the term Third world Country. ( 1 mark)
   Third World countries are developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Most of these countries are former colonies.
8. Who were the early inhabitants of Kenya? ( 2 marks)
   Khoisan stock & Cushitic stock
9. Name any two communities that belong to the coastal Bantus. ( 2 marks)             Taita, Pokomo and Mijikenda
10. List down two items of trade from East Africa during the Indian Ocean trade. ( 2 marks)
    • Ivory,
    • gold and slaves who were used in Indian and Arabia as domestic servants,
    • labourers and soldiers,
    • leopard skins,
    • ostrich feathers,
    • copal,
    • copper and iron,
    • turtle shells etc.
11. Identify any two cultural aspects of the Khoisan stock. ( 2 marks)
    • They spoke a language with a ‘clicking’ sound, like that of the Khoikhoi of South Africa
    • They lived a nomadic life
    • They were hunters and gatherers
    • They also used a number of stone tools in addition to bows and arrows
    • They fished in the rivers and lakes using bone harpoons
    • They probably inhabited rock shelters and caves e.g. the Gambles cave and Njoro river cave near Nakuru
    • Evidence suggests that they also cremated the dead, and made pots
12.  What type of government does Kenya practice ? Give a reason.( 2 marks)
    Democratic government- there are regular elections in Kenya. i.e after every 5 yrs

SECTION B

13.  
    1. Highlight five Mijikenda clans. ( 5 marks)
       
       • Digo
       • Gariama
       • Ribe
       • Jibana
       • Chonyi
       • Duruma
       • Kauma
       • Kambe
       • Rabai.
    2. Explain five reasons for Nilotes migration from their original homeland. ( 10 marks)
       
       • Being nomadic pastoralists they migrated in search of pasture and water for their animals
       • They also migrated because of drought and famine
       • The outbreak of animal and human diseases forced them to move
       • Internal conflicts also made them to migrate into Kenya
       • They also migrated because of being attacked by neighbouring communities
       • Population pressure was another reason for their migration.
       • They also might have migrated in search of better fishing grounds.
       • Some migrated in search of adventure.
14.  
    1. Name any five early visitors to the East African Coast up to 1500AD. ( 5 marks)
       • Egyptians
       • Phoenicians
       • Indonesians
       • Greeks
       • Romans
       • Chinese
       • Arabs
       • Syrians
       • Indians
       • Burmese
       • Sri Lanka
       • Thais
       • Malaysians
       • The Portuguese
    2. Explain five reasons why the Portuguese succeeded in conquering The East African Coast. ( 10 marks)
       • They had bigger and better ships known as carracks and caravels
       • They had superior weapons e.g. canon, muskets, handguns, pistols etc.
       • The Portuguese soldiers were well trained
       • There was rivalry among coastal towns e.g. that between Malindi and Mombasa. This meant that they never united against their common enemy, the Portuguese.
       • Some towns failed to offer resistance to the Portuguese for fear of their ruthless and cruelty.
       • The Portuguese organized surprise attacks and fought with determination
       • The Portuguese received reinforcement from their headquarters at Goa.
       • The Turkish and Persian navies in the India Ocean were too weak to offer any help to the coastal towns
       • The Portuguese made alliances with local rulers e.g. those of Pemba, Zanzibar and Malindi.

SECTION C

15.  
    1. State any five sources of information about East African coast up to the 19^th Century. ( 5 marks)
       • The Greco-Roman documentary which refer to the coast of Africa
       • The Periplus of the ErithreanSea written at around 120 AD by an unknown Greek Merchant. When translated it means ‘sailing around the Indian Ocean’ It describes trade between Africans and foreign merchants.
       • Geography by a Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy in the 2^nd Century AD. It describes the commercial activities at the coast.
       • Documents by Arab scholars and merchantsg. Ibn Batuta and Al Masudi
       • Archaeological evidence. These include the remains of pottery, iron tools, beads and coins. These prove the presence of international trade between the coast and the outside world.
       • The Swahili chroniclesg. of Lamu and Pate. They explain the histories of the coastal cities.
       • The Christian Topography of cosmos Indico-Pleatustes. This was written in the 1^st half of the 6^th It supports the Persian domination of the Indian Ocean trade.
    2. Explain five reasons for the growth of the Indian Ocean Trade. ( 10 marks)
       
       • Availability of items of trade e.g. gold, Ivory etc from East Africa and glassware, porcelain, jars from the outside world.
       • There was a high demand for the items of trade from East Africa and the outside world.
       • There were enterprising merchants in both foreign lands and East Africa. These traders promoted trade links e.g. The Akamba and Mijikenda middlemen.
       • The existence of local trade in East Africa. This formed a base for the Indian Ocean trade.
       • The accessibility of the East Africa coast by sea. This was because of the existence of good harbours that made possible for the ships to anchor.
       • The East African coast enjoyed a relative peace and tranquility. This created a conducive environment for trade.
       • The existence of monsoon winds which facilitated the movement of the ships to and from the coast.
       • Availability of capital which was provided by the Arab traders but later by the Indian Bunyans (money lenders)
       • Advancement of the ship building industry in Western Europe. This development of better ships enabled the traders to travel regularly without relying on the monsoon winds.
16.  
    1. List five functions of the council of elders during the pre-colonial period. ( 5 marks)
       
       • Settling clan disputes
       • Maintaining law and order by punishing wrong doers
       • presided over assemblies
       • They also acted as ritual experts
       • They were spiritual experts
    2. Describe the social organization of the Agikuyu. ( 10 marks)
       
       • The family was an important social unit. Several related families formed a clan.
       • The agikuyu practiced both male and female circumcision. After circumcision, the initiates formed the age set (riika). The initiates were educated on the values and customs of the society. After initiation one was allowed to marry. Marriage was for societal continuity.
       • The Agikuyu believed in the existence of one God called Ngai. He was believed to dwell on Mt. Kirinyaga (Kenya).They believed in ancestral spirits whom they honoured by pouring libations for at the end of a meal.
       • They had sacred places for worship e.g. the Mugumo tree where they offered sacrifices. The diviners interpreted Gods message to people and foretold the future.
       • They also had medicine men called Mundu Mugo (singular) whose work was to cure diseases. They learnt their skills through apprenticeship.
17.  
    1. Name five Economic activities of the Maasai. ( 5 marks)
       
       • The Maasai were nomadic pastoralists. They kept large herds of cattle sheep and goats and kept moving from place to place in search of pasture and water.
       • Some Maasai groups (the Kwavi) adopted crop cultivation to supplement their diet. They grew vegetables, grains etc.
       • They raided their neighbours e.g. the Luo, Nandi, Abagusii etc. for cattle. This was largely due to the great socio-economic value that they attached to cattle.
       • They also traded with their neighbours e.g. they exchanged sheep, goats and cattle products with the Agikuyu for red ochre, honey, pots, grains, vegetables etc.
       • They also practiced iron working. They produced spears, arrowheads, ornaments, hoes and swords.
       • They practiced hunting and gathering to substitute pastoralism and cultivation. They gathered fruits, honey and hunted wild animals for meat.
    2. Explain five reasons for the coming of the Arabs. ( 10 marks)
       
       • They wanted to trade and to control the commercial activities of the East African coast. They brought goods like iron items, swords, daggers and glass in exchange for gold, ivory, slaves, rhinoceros horns, leopard skins, bees wax etc. Slaves were on high demand.
       • Some Arabs came as refugees, running away from religious and political prosecution in Arabia.
       • They came to spread the Islamic religion.
       • They came to explore the East African coast.
       • Some came to establish settlements along the East African coast.