Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Form 3 Term 3 Opener Exams 2023

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SECTION A (25MKS)

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

1. Give THREE differences between latitudes and Longitudes. (3mks)
2. When the local time is 2.00p.m at longitude 45oE. What is the longitude of station A whose local time is 10.30am? (2mks)
1. Name the units for measuring wind speed. (1mk)
2. State FOUR factors which influence wind speed and direction. (4mks)
1. Name the TWO types of earth movement. (2mks)
2. State THREE causes of earth movement. (3mks)
1. State THREE conditions favouring the formation of a delta. (3mks)
2. Give TWO examples of arcuate deltas in Kenya. (2mks)
1. What is a valley glacier? (2mks)
2. Name THREE processes through which Ice erodes. (3mks)

SECTION B

ANSWER QUESTIONS 6 AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION.

Study the map of kijabe 1:50000 (sheet 14/3) provided and answer the following questions.
1. 1. Identify TWO natural features in grid square 2494. (2mks)
  2. Give the six figure grid reference of the cattle dip near Kenton. (2mks)
  3. Give the Latitudinal and Longitudinal location of the south-eastern corner of the Map extract. (2mks)
  4. What is the title of the map extract? (1mk)
2. 1. Calculate the area to the south of the power line. Give your answer in square kilometres. (2mks)
  2. Describe settlement distribution in the area covered by the map. (5mks)
3. Explain THREE factors favouring cattle rearing in the area covered by the map. (6mks)
4. 1. Draw a square 10cm x 10cm to represent the area enclosed by Eastings 30 and 40 and Northings 90 and 00. (2mks)
  2. On it mark and label:
    A railway
    Bamboo forest
    A borehole (3mks)
1. Use the table below to answer the question that follow:
  Rainfall record for station X
  
  MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N D
  
  RAINFALL(MM) 10 15 12 45 50 41 30 19 16 13 12 11
  
  TEMEPRATURE 11 14 12 22 25 23 20 18 15 12 13 13
  1. Calculate the mean annual rainfall for station x. (2mks)
  2. Calculate the total rainfall for the station (2mks)
  3. Calculate the mean temperature for the station (2mks)
2. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 10mm, draw a bar graph to present the rainfall figures for station x. (5mks)
3. Describe the climate of station X . (5mks)
4. You intend to carry out a filed study on weather in the area near your school.
  1. Identify TWO characteristics of the objectives you will need for your study. (2mks)
  2. Give TWO methods of data collection you will employ during the study. (2mks)
  3. Identify the follow- up activities you will be involved in after the study. (5mks)
1. 1. Define mass wasting. (2mks)
  2. Explain how the following factors influence mass wasting:
    1. Nature of the materials. (2mks)
    2. Angle of slope. (2mks)
    3. Climatic factors. (2mks)
    4. Vegetation cover. (2mks)
2. Using well-labelled diagrams, describe rock fall as a process of mass wasting. (5mks)
3. 1. Describe the characteristics of an avalanche (3mks)
  2. Explain FOUR ways in which mass wasting influences the natural environment (8mk)
1. 1. Identify TWO sources of underground water. (2mks)
  2. State THREE factors that influence the occurrence of underground water. (3mks)
2. 1. What is Karst scenery? (2mks)
  2. State THREE conditions necessary for the development of Karst scenery? (3mks)
3. Name THREE features found on the surface of limestone areas. (3mks)
4. The diagram below shows some features formed in Karst regions. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
  1. Name the features marked A, B and C. (3mks)
  2. Describe how feature D is formed. (4mks)
5. Students from Magina Girls school conducted field study in a limestone area.
  1. Give two reasons why it was necessary for them to carry out a reconnaissance. (2mks)
  2. Identify THREE economic uses of Karst landscape that they observed. (3mks)
1. Give THREE types of desert surfaces. (3mks)
2. 1. State THREE reasons why wind action is effective in the desert regions. (3mks)
  2. Describe the wind erosion processes in hot deserts (6mks)
3. 1. Apart from deflation hollows, name FOUR features formed by wind erosion in desert areas. (4mks)
  2. Describe the formation of a deflation hollow. (4mks)
4. 1. Distinguish between a playa and an alluvial fan. (2mks)
  2. Apart from playas and alluvial fans, name THREE other features formed by action of water in deserts. (3mks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25MKS)

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

1. Give THREE differences between latitudes and Longitudes. (3mks)
  - Latitudes run from west to East while Longitudes run from North to south.
  - Latitudes show how far a place is from the equator while Longitudes show how far a place is from the prime meridian.
  - Latitudes are parallel to one another while longitudes meat at he poles.
  - Distance between latitudes is even around the globe while distance between longitudes is longest at the equator and decreases pole wards.
2. When the local time is 2.00p.m at longitude 45oE. What is the longitude of station A whose local time is 10.30am? (2mks)
  Time differences is → 14.00 −1030 = 3¹/₂1 hour =15°
  3¹/₂ Hours ⁷/₂ x 15= 52.5°
  Longitude x → 52.5 − 45= 7.5°W
1. Name the units for measuring wind speed. (1mk)
  Knots
2. State FOUR factors which influence wind speed and direction. (4mks)
  - pressure gradient
  - The coriolis force
  - Centrifugal force
  - Effects of friction
1. Name the TWO types of earth movement. (2mks)
  - Horizontal/lateral/orogenic earth movements
  - Vertical/epeirogenic earth movements
2. State THREE causes of earth movement. (3mks)
  - Magma movement within the crust/vulcanicity.
  - Gravitative pressure
  - Convectional currents in the mantle
  - Isostatic adjustment
1. State THREE conditions favouring the formation of a delta. (3mks)
  - The river must be carrying a very large load.
  - The speed of the river at the mouth should be very slow.
  - Absence of obstacles/filters along the river course
  - Gradient of the river at the mouth must be low
  - The river should be able to deposit the load faster than it is removed by waves or tides.
  - The water body should be calm at the point of deposition.
2. Give TWO examples of arcuate deltas in Kenya. (2mks)
  - Tana delta
  - Sondu delta
1. What is a valley glacier? (2mks)
  - Ice that forms on highlands above the snowline and flows downslope along the river valleys.
2. Name THREE processs through which Ice erodes. (3mks)
  - Abrasion
  - Plucking/gouging
  - Nivation

SECTION B

ANSWER QUESTIONS 6 AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION.

Study the map of kijabe 1:50000 (sheet 134/3) provided and answer the following questions.
1. 1. Identify TWO natural features in grid square 2494. (2mks)
    - Scrub vegetation
    - River
  2. Give the six figure grid reference of the cattle dip near Kenton. (2mks)
    - 279014
  3. Give the Latitudinal and Longitudinal location of the south-eastern corner of the Map extract. (2mks)
    - 1°00’S 36°45’E
  4. What is the title of the map extract? (1mk)
    - East Africa 1:50000(Kenya)
2. 1. Calculate the area to the south of the power line. Give your answer in square kilometres. (2mks)
    - Full squares = 17
    - Half squares = 28÷2
    - Total = 17+14
    - = 31km² (±0.5km²)
  2. Describe settlement distribution in the area covered by the map. (5mks)
    - There are no settlements within the Ewaso Kedong valley.
    - There are nucleated settlements in the markets/shopping centres/villages
    - Some areas with steep slopes/ridges/ river valleys have fewer or no settlements.
    - There are few or no settlements within the forest
    - There are no settlements within the plantations.
    - There are linear settlements along some roads in the area covered by the map.
    - There are few settlements to the west of Naivasha- Narok road.
3. Explain THREE factors favouring cattle rearing in the area covered by the map. (6mks)
  - Presence of scrub and scattered trees show that there is natural pasture for cattle.
  - Presence of many rivers/sources of water show that there is adequate water for cattle.
  - Altitude above 1000m which provide cool conditions suitable for cattle rearing
  - Many cattle dips for tick/disease control show that there is access to veterinary services
  - Large tracts of land with few settlements ensuring extensive areas available for grazing
  - Availability of transport as shown by roads/railway for movement of cattle/ cattle products
  - Dense settlements in many parts of the area covered by the map provide market for cattle/cattle products.
4. 1. Draw a square 10cm x 10cm to represent the area enclosed by Eastings 30 and 40 and Northings 90 and 00. (2mks)
  2. On it mark and label:
    A railway
    Bamboo forest
    A borehole (3mks)
1. Use the table below to answer the question that follow
  Rainfall record for station X
  
  MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N D
  
  RAINFALL(MM) 10 15 12 45 50 41 30 19 16 13 12 11
  
  TEMEPRATURE 11 14 12 22 25 23 20 18 15 12 13 13
  1. Calculate the mean annual rainfall for station x. (2mks)
    10+15+12+45+50+41+30+19+16+13+12+11
    =274 ÷12
    22.83mm
  2. Calculate the total rainfall for the station (2mks
    10+15+12+45+50+41+30+19+16+13+12+11
    =274mm
  3. Calculate the mean temperature for the stati9on (2mks)
    11+14+12+22+25+23+20+18+15+12+13+13
    =198÷12
    =16.5°C
2. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 10mm, draw a bar graph to present the rainfall +figures for station x.
3. Describe the climate of station X . (5mks)
  - There is rainfall throughout the year/ No dry month
  - The highest amount of rain falls in the month of May/ the lowest rainfall is recorded in January.
  - The total annual rainfall is 274mm/the station receives low rainfall.
  - The highest temperature is recorded in May/the lowest temperature is recorded in January .
  - Temperature range is high (140C)
  - Rainfall is highest when temperature is highest/rainfall is lowest when temperature is lowest.
4. You intend to carry out a filed study on weather in the area near your school.
  1. Identify TWO characteristics of the objectives you will need for your study. (2mks)
    - Should be achievable
    - Should not be obvious
  2. Give Two methods of data collection you will employ during the study. (2mks)
    - Administering questionnaires
    - Observation
    - Carrying our measurements
    - Content analysis
    - Interviewing
    - Photographing
  3. Identify the follow- up activities you will be involved in after the study. (5mks)
    - Holding class discussions
    - Analyzing the data
    - Writing/presenting a report
    - Displaying of photographs
    - Presenting data
    - Reading further on the topic
1. 1. Define mass wasting. (2mks)
    - This is the movement of weathered materials down a slope due to the influence of gravity.
  2. Explain how the following factors influence mass wasting:
    1. Nature of the materials. (2mks)
      - Heavy and large materials move faster on a slope due to the influence of gravity.
      - Thinly bedded layers of rocks have a tendency to move faster.
    2. Angle of slope. (2mks)
      - The steeper the slope, the faster the rate of movement.
      - Where rocks are dipping steeply movement is faster
    3. Climatic factors. (2mks)
      - The more saturated the rock/soil is, the more likely it is to move.
      - This is because water adds weight and lubricates the materials.
      - Alternate freezing and thawing loosens rock materials encouraging movement.
    4. Vegetation cover. (2mks)
      - Bare surfaces are more likely to experience mass wasting because there is no vegetation to bind the materials together.
      - Presence of vegetation hinders movement as the roots hold the soil/ rocks together.
2. Using well-labelled diagrams, describe rock fall as a process of mass wasting. (5mks)
  - Occurs where rocks are well- jointed and the slope is steep.
  - Frequent freeze- thaw action on the steep slopes loosens the rocks which become detached from the rock face.
  - Rock particles fall freely and accumulate at the base of the cliff/rock face.
  - This is rock fall.
3. 1. Describe the characteristics of an avalanche (3mks)
    - Occurs in temperate regions where low temperatures cause moisture to freeze on the ground forming thick masses of snow.
    - Occurs on steep slopes.
    - Large masses of snow break off and rapidly move down the slope.
  2. Explain FOUR ways in which mass wasting influences the natural environment (8mk)
    - Mass wasting loosens the soil, making it vulnerable to soil erosion.
    - Mass wasting destroys vegetation where it occurs.
    - Mass wasting may block river valleys causing formation of reservoirs/ Diversion of rivers.
    - Mass wasting causes thin soils on the slopes making it difficult for vegetation to grow.
    - Mass wasting leads to accumulation of soils at the foot of the slope encouraging vegetation.
1. 1. Identify TWO sources of underground water. (2mks)
    - Rain water
    - Magmatic water
    - Melt water
    - Sea/lake water
  2. State THREE factors that influence the occurrence of underground water. (3mks)
    - the nature of the slope
    - the amount of vegetation cover
    - the amount and nature of precipitation in a region
    - the nature/permeability of the rocks
    - the level of ground saturation
    - the rate of evapotranspiration.
2. 1. What is Karst scenery? (2mks)
    - this is a rugged landscape, covered by limestone/dolomite/chalk, acted upon by carbonation/solution/chemical weathering to produce unique features.
  2. State THREE conditions necessary for the development of Karst scenery? (3mks)
    - The rocks must limestone, chalk or dolomite
    - The rocks must be hard and well- jointed.
    - The region must be hot and humid
    - The water table must be deep underground to allow formation of underground features
    - Chemical weathering/carbonation must occur on the rocks
3. Name THREE features found on the surface of limestone areas. (3mks)
  - clints
  - grikes
  - limestone pavements
  - dolines
  - poljes
  - uvalas
  - swallow holes
  - blind valleys
  - dry valleys
4. The diagram below shows some features formed in Karst regions. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
  1. Name the features marked A, B and C. (3mks)
    - A – Limestone pillar/column
    - B – Underground cave
    - C – Stalactite
  2. Describe how feature D is formed. (4mks)
    - Rain water combines with atmospheric carbon (IV) oxide
    - This forms weak carbonic acid
    - Rain water comes into contact with rocks containing calcium carbonate
    - During the reaction calcium bicarbonate which is soluble in formed
    - Calcium bicarbonate seeps through the roof of an underground cave and drops to the floor of the cave.
    - Carbon (IV) Oxide escapes while the calcium carbonate crystallizes
    - This leads to the formation of a finger like projection from the floor upwards
    - This is called stalagmite
5. Students from Magina Girls school conducted field study in a limestone area.
  1. Give two reasons why it was necessary for them to carry out a reconnaissance. (2mks)
    - To familiarize themselves with the area
    - To introduce themselves to the authorities
    - To determine the suitability of the area.
    - To identify suitable methods of data collection
    - To help them prepare a working schedule
    - To determine the cost of the study.
  2. Identify THREE economic uses of Karst landscape that they observed. (3mks)
    - Karst scenery is a tourist attraction thus tourism
    - Limestone is used as a raw material in the iron and steel industry
    - Limestone rocks are used in the manufacture of cement.
    - Limestone regions are good grazing regions promoting sheep farming.
1. Give THREE types of desert surfaces. (3mks)
  - Erg/sandy desert
  - Reg/stony desert
  - Hamada/rock desert
2. 1. State THREE reasons why wind action is effective in the desert regions. (3mks)
    - There is little/ no vegetation to check the movement of winds.
    - There are a lot of loose unconsolidated materials that the wind can easily pick, use as erosive tools and deposit.
    - Strong tropical winds causing erosion, and deposition of materials.
  2. Describe the wind erosion processes in hot deserts (6mks)
    - Wind abrasion- This is the process by which wind uses sand, rocks or stones on the desert surface to scrap, scratch or polish the surface, eroding materials.
    - Wind deflation- This is the process whereby the winds lifts materials from the desert floor and blows them away
    - Wind attrition – This is the process whereby materials transported by wind hit against each other reducing in size.
3. 1. Apart from deflation hollows, name FOUR features formed by wind erosion in desert areas. (4mks)
    - Oases
    - Yardangs
    - Zeugens
    - Mushroom blocks
    - Rock pedestals
    - Ventifacts
  2. Describe the formation of a deflation hollow. (4mks)
    - Physical weathering weakens the desert surface, leading to the breaking of rocks
    - The weathered material are then removed/lifted and blown away by deflation/wind
    - Surface from which the materials are removed is gradually lowered and widened forming a depression
    - Deepening is facilitated by eddy currents operating in the new depression.
    - Eventually, a shallow wide depression is formed
    - This is called a deflation hollow/blow out
4. 1. Distinguish between a playa and an alluvial fan. (2mks)
    - A playa is a basin of inland drainage whereas an alluvial fan is a fan – shaped feature of water deposition in deserts.
  2. Apart from playas and alluvial fans, name THREE features formed by action of water in deserts. (3mks
    - Inselbergs
    - Wadis
    - Pediments
    - Peripediments
    - Bajadas/Bahadas
    - Mesas and buttes
    - Gorges