History Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Form 3 Term 3 Opener Exams 2023

SECTION A           (25 MARKS)

1. Name the type of Government practiced in Kenya and give a reason. (2mks)
2. Identify any two archaeological sites in Kenya. (2mks)
3. Give two causes of migration and settlement of Maasai to Kenya. (2mks)
4. What were the functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi? (2mks)
5. Give two circumstances under which a person may lose citizenship by birth. (2mks)
6. Identify any two national days in Kenya. (2mks)
7. How does education promote national unity in Kenya? (1 mk)
8. Name two reasons leading to food shortages in Kenya. (2mks)
9. Identify the main type of democracy practiced in Kenya. (1mk)
10. Name any one Independent Church established in Nyanza during the colonial era. (1mk)
11. Identify the main feature of Missionary Education. (1mk)
12. Why were Africans denied the right to grow cash crops in colonial period? (1mk)
13. Give one term of the Heligoland treaty. (1mk)
14. Identify the main demand of the Kikuyu Association. (1mk)
15. Name the missionary appointed in 1923 to represent African grievances. (1mk)
16. Mention two leaders that led the Agiriama in resisting British invasion. (2marks)
17. Name one secondary school established by the colonial government for African students. (1 mark)

SECTION B              (45 MARKS)

18.  
    1. Give five functions of the council of Elders during the Pre-Colonial Era. (5 marks)
    2. Explain the effects of Cushite Migration and settlement in Kenya. (10mks)
19.  
    1. Give three features of early coastal city states. (3mks)
    2. Explain the positive impacts of Portuguese rule. (12mks)
20.  
    1. Identify five functions of Nairobi City. (5mks)
    2. Explain six problems facing Nairobi. (10mks)
21.  
    1. Mention three members of African Elected Members Organization (AEMO). (3 marks)
    2. Explain six features of the Independence Constitution in Kenya. (3 marks)

SECTION C             (30 MARKS)

22.  
    1. Name three communities in Kenya that shown Mixed reaction to colonial rule. (3mks)
    2. Explain why the Nandi were able to resist the British for so long. (12mks)
23.  
    1. Name three similar grievances of early political organizations. (3mks)
    2. Discuss six roles played by women during the MAUMAU movement (1952-1956). (12 marks)
24.  
    1. Highlight five challenges faced by early political organizations in Kenya. (5 marks)
    2. Discuss five reasons why the Maasai collaborated with the British. (10 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A               (25 MARKS)

1. Name the type of Government practiced in Kenya and give a reason. (2mks)
   • Democratic government. There are elections every five years.
2. Identify any two archaeological sites in Kenya. (2mks)
   • Rusinga Island
   • Fort Ternan near Kericho
   • Kariandusi near Elementaita
   • Gambles cave
   • Olorgesaillie
   • Kobi For a near Lake Turkana
   • Hyrax Hill
   • Njoro River cave.
   •                               *any other answer
3. Give two causes of migration and settlement of Maasai to Kenya. (2mks)
   • Drought and famine that broke out in their cradleland.
   • Population increase which resulted into population pressure in their cradle land.
   • The external pressure from stronger neighbors.
   • Internal conflicts from among other Nilotic groups concerning the ownership of grazing lands and watering areas.
   • Epidemics and diseases like sleeping sickness affecting both humans and animals.
   • They moved due to their desire for adventure, i.e., they wanted to find out what was happening in other areas.
   • Need for water and pasture for their animals forced them to move.
4. What were the functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi? (2mks)
   • He Mediated between God and the people/acting as a priest.
   • He presided over Offering of sacrifices to God on behalf of the people.
   • He advised and blessed the warriors before they went to war.
   • Blessing people before they undertook special activities like planting and harvesting.
   • He foretold what was going to happen in the future. e.g. success or misfortune in the community.
5. Give two circumstances under which a person may lose citizenship by birth. (2mks)
   • If the citizenship was acquired by fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact by any person.
   • If the nationality or parentage of the person becomes known, and reveals that the person was a citizen of another country.
   • If the age of the person becomes known, and reveals that the person was older than eight years when found in Kenya.
6. Identify any two national days in Kenya. (2mks)
   • Madaraka day – 1st June
   • Mashujaa day – 20th October
   • Jamuhuri day – 12th December
7. How does education promote national unity in Kenya? (1 mk)
   • The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them. The integrated education system encourages the children to accept one another as Kenyans.
   • Teaching of history in schools encourages unity.
   • Religious studies taught in schools promote respect for the Supreme Being and fellow human beings.
   • Music and drama festivals in schools promote unity among students.
8. Name two reasons leading to food shortages in Kenya. (2mks)
   • Rapid population growth
   • Poor land use and agricultural practices.
   • Adverse weather conditions such as floods and long periods of drought.
   • Overemphasis on cash crops at the expense of food crops.
   • Rural-urban migration
   • Lack of adequate capital for agricultural development.
   • Low income/poverty
   • Political instability
   • Decline in growing drought resistant crops.
   • Poor and inadequate storage facilities have led to food wastage.
   • Poor transport network leads to uneven distribution of food.
   • Over reliance on food aid and forms of aid has created a dependence.
   • Poor economic planning
   • Poor land tenure systems resulting in low productivity.
   • The HIV/AIDS pandemic
9. Identify the main type of democracy practiced in Kenya. (1mk)
   • Representative/ Indirect Democracy
10. Name any one Independent Church established in Nyanza during the colonial era. (1mk)
    • Nomiya Luo Church
    • Dini ya Roho (Holy Spirit Church)
    • Joroho church
    • The Christian Universal Evangelical Union
    • Dini ya Msabwa
11. Identify the main feature of Missionary Education. (1mk)
    • It was elementary.
12. Why were Africans denied the right to grow cash crops in colonial period? (1mk)
    • To avoid competition with the whites.
    • To continue providing labour on European farms.
    • Perception that African farms would spread pests and diseases to settler farms.
    • Perception that African farms would produce low quality produce.
13. Give one term of the Heligoland treaty. (1mk)
    • Germany officially recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence/protectorate.) Germany abandoned her claim over the territory of Witu for British in exchange for Heligoland island in the North sea
    • Germany accepted British protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba.
    • Germany acquired a strip of land on Lake Tanganyika from Britain and the Coastal region of Tanganyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar.
    • The Sultan of Zanzibar retained a 16km (10 miles) Coastal strip.
14. Identify the main demand of the Kikuyu Association. (1mk)
    • Continued grabbing of African land for European settlement.
15. Name the missionary appointed in 1923 to represent African grievances. (1mk)
    • Dr. John Arthur
16. Mention two leaders that led the Agiriama in resisting British invasion. (2 marks)
    • Wanje wa Madorika
    • Mekatilili wa Menza
17. Name one secondary school established by the colonial government for African students. (1 mark)
    • Alliance High School
    • St. Marys Yala
    • Kabaa School
    • Mang’u High School

SECTION B                  (45 MARKS)

18.  
    1. Give five functions of the council of Elders during the Pre-Colonial Era. (5 marks)
       • Settling disputes
       • Deliberating on day-to-day activities
       • Administering justice and handled disputes
       • Inheritance disputes
       • Acted as a final court of appeal.
       • Dividing land.
       • Declaring war on other communities.
       • Blessing warriors
       • Offering sacrifices
    2. Explain the effects of Cushite Migration and settlement in Kenya. (10mks)
       1. There was massive warfare during the migrations leading to killing of many people in the process. For example, there was constant warfare between the Somali and the Oromo.
       2. They displaced some of the communities which they came into contact with e.g. the Oromo pushed the Mijikenda from the Shungwaya region in AD 1500 AND 1600.
       3. They intermarried with those people they interacted with e.g. the some of the Pokomo intermarried with the Borana.
       4. Their settlement led to expansion / development of trade between them and their neighbours e.g. they traded with the Samburu and the Maasai.
       5. There was cultural exchange between them and the Bantu and Nilotic neighbours. E.g. the taboo against eating Fish among the Bantu, the age set system and circumcision has origin from the Cushites.
       6. The migrations led to population pressure in the region.
       7. Adoption of some agricultural practices from the Bantu.
       8. There was redistribution of population in Kenya. The Mijikenda for example were scattered at Shungwaya.
19.  
    1. Give three features of early coastal city states. (3mks)
       • Arabic architecture.
       • Islam was the main religion.
       • Trade was the main economic activity.
       • Kiswahili was the language of communication.
    2. Explain the positive impacts of Portuguese rule. (12mks)
       • The Portuguese built Fort Jesus at the coast in Mombasa in1592/3 which became a fortress and later a tourist attraction for centuries.
       • They enriched the Swahili language with an addition of 60 words e.g. emeza meaning table and pesa meaning money.
       • They introduced new crops from South Africa of which many have become staple diet for many East Africans e.g. cassava, pawpaws, maize, oranges, sweet potatoes, guavas, pineapples and mangoes
       • They made an improvement in ship building. During their stay on the coast, many architects came in from India and Europe.
       • There was establishment of closer trading links between the coast and India.
       • They introduced new farming methods for example they encouraged the use of cow dung as manure.
       • They led to the coming of more European and Asian traders and craftsmen especially those who helped in the building of Fort Jesus.
       • They broke the Muslim- Arab monopoly of the Indian Ocean Trade.
20.  
    1. Identify five functions of Nairobi City. (5mks)
       1. It was a transport and communication centre. The city is inter-connected with roads which served various parts of the country. The city houses the main international airport- JKIA.
       2. It is an administrative capital with offices for the head of state, cabinet, parliament and department of defence.
       3. It is a regional headquarter of various international bodies like UN, ILO etc.
       4. It is a commercial and financial centre. Many financial institutions such as banks and other commercial and trading activities attract a lot of traders.
       5. An industrial centre. Nairobi’s industrial area hosts many key industries in Kenya and east Africa.
       6. It is an educational centre, housing institutions like the University of Nairobi, kenya polytechnic and other key institutions
       7. It is a tourist centre. The town boasts of various tourist attractions such as the Nairobi National Park, National Museums etc.
    2.  Explain six problems facing Nairobi. (10mks)
       • Rural-urban migration by the job seekers causing overcrowding in the city.
       • Unemployment has continued to increase with the growing population.
       • Poor housing. The population growth in Nairobi to 3 million has not corresponded to the development of housing.
       • Inadequate social services including health services and educational facilities.
       • Congestion on roads caused by an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads while the road network is not expanding.
       • Poor town planning has led to poor drainage, especially during heavy rains when a lot of flooding occurs.
       • Pollution continues to be a major challenge in Nairobi. The factories located in the city are a cause of air and noise pollution.
       • Water shortage caused by the high rate of expansion in the town and the depletion of water reservoirs.
       • The rate of HIV/AIDS infection is very high.
21.  
    1. Mention three members of African Elected Members Organization (AEMO). (3 marks)
       • Tom Mboya (Nairobi)
       • Masinde Muliro (Northern Nyanza)
       • Oginga Odinga (Central Nyanza)
       • Lawrence Ogunda (South Nyanza)
       • Ronald Ngala (Coast)
       • Daniel Arap Moi (Rift Valley)
       • James Muimi (Ukambani)
       • Bernard Mate (Central)
    2. Explain six features of the Independence Constitution in Kenya. (3 marks)
       • Regional/majimbo government with each of the seven regions having a regional assembly and president. The boundaries of the regions were given protection in the constitution.
       • Bicameral parliament consisting of the senate and the house of representatives/upper house and lower house.
       • The constitution stipulated that the prime minister (appointed by the governor) was to be head of government and queen the head of state, represented by the governor general.
       • The constitution recommended a multiparty system of government and the party with the majority of seats forming the government.
       • Bill of rights, which protected the individual’s rights. The bill of rights was modeled on the european convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms.
       • An elaborate scheme to protect the minority rights. The minorities in this case were the europeans, asians and some indigenous communities.
       • Independent electoral commission was set up consisting of the speakers of the two houses and a nominee of the prime minister.
       • The constitution provided for an independent and impartial judiciary to ensure justice and prevent corruption. Judges were accorded security of tenure which was extended to the attorney general, the government’s principal legal advisor.
       • Public service commission. The aim was insulate the civil service recruitment and promotions from abuse and corruption.
       • An independent land board.

SECTION C                (30 MARKS)

22.  
    1. Name three communities in Kenya that shown Mixed reaction to colonial rule. (3mks)
       • Luo community
       • Agikuyu community
       • Akamba community
    2. Explain why the Nandi were able to resist the British for so long. (12mks)
       • The British intrusion into their territory happened when the Nandi were at the best of their power and superiority.
       • Existence of a superior military organization based on the age set system. The Nandi army was strong and could match any foreign force. The regimental age-set system supplied the Nandi with young men who were experienced in battle, disciplined, organized and were effective.
       • The Nandi also possessed knowledge of weapon manufacture and repair through their local ironsmiths and using stolen railway material.
       • The Nandi enjoyed regular supply of food and war equipment which sustained the fighters for a long period. This was mainly aided by the Nandi mixed economy enabling them to turn livestock for food when the British destroyed crops.
       • The Nandi had good knowledge of the terrain in which they were fighting the intruders thus having an advantage over the British who were not familiar with the terrain. The difficulties faced by the British as posed by the terrain disadvantaged them during the resistance
       • The Nandi knowledge of Guerilla tactics. This enabled them to organize many surprise attacks while vandalizing key British installations like the telegraph lines.
       • The existence of strong leadership. The Nandi leadership was religiously inspired and therefore very strong. The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength and was believed to possess some supernatural powers that gave courage to the fighters.
       • Their enemies, the British troops, were slowed down in their advance by problems like respiratory disease due to the wet and cold climate. The Nandi were accustomed to these conditions
       • The Nandi received assistance from the Kipsigis fighters – the Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori which enabled them to hold off the British for Six weeks in 1900.
    3.  
       1. Name three similar grievances of early political organizations. (3mks)
          • They demanded for abolition of kipande system.
          • They demanded for return of African land.
          • They demanded for abolition or reduction of hut tax.
          • They demanded for better wages and working conditions for African labourers.
       2. Discuss six roles played by women during the MAUMAU movement (1952-1956). (12 marks)
          • Some women were fully-fledged warriors fighting alongside men. 'Field Marshall' Muthoni went to fight alongside famous warriors of the forest like Dedan Kimathi Waciuri.
          • The women in the camps made sure that the family continued intact through all of the while their men were out fighting. They would weed and grow food for family use.
          • While men were in the forests, Mau Mau women continued to educate their children to be the future leaders of their government. Women would collect money and smuggle the brightest children out of Kenya to study overseas through Sudan, Ethiopia and Egypt.
          • Many women sought support for Mau Mau internationally. E.g, Mama Sarah Sarai, an ally of Kenyatta’s, when out of the country would get people to write in support of Mau Mau.
          • Some women offered their property for use by mau mau. In Nairobi, Mama Josephine Muthoni offered her cars to be used for Mau Mau activities. Mama Elizabeth Waruiru’s house in Pangani which became a Mau Mau meeting place.
          • Women were first class spies and informers. They supplied information to the forest forces.
          • Women supplied guns, would do anything to get them. Sometimes they killed for them.
          • Women had primary responsibility for the organization and maintenance of the supply lines. Operating from villages, thousands of women acted as go -betweens and carriers of food and firearms, and generally provided a system of intelligence.
          • Women composed songs like the Kanyegenyuri, to commemorate their deeds, like the bravery of Mary Nyanjiru. Years later the song became the Mau Mau anthem of resistance
          • They also recruited for Mau Mau fighters.
          • They officiated at and participated in oathing ceremonies. Some like Waithera allowed themselves to be subjected to unnatural sexual acts for the sake of the movement.
          • In forest camps, women would serve male leaders as Kabatuni (a small platoon to be commanded by the man), doing minor military duties like cleaning guns as well as seeing to the other needs like meeting his sexual needs.
          • Some women were co-opted in the political Arena in the mau mau duo-sex councils. For example Muthoni Ngatha - even rose to the senior position of Field Marshal. In June 1953 Wagiri Njoroge was crowned as the Queen of Mau Mau and ruled for 7 months.
          • Women also contributed the services of their children who served as errand boys and girls and informers.
          • Women were allowed to flirt with "enemies" to gather vital information, weapons and other resources. For example, in Gakenia's village in Nanyuki, four girls lured four loyalist African soldiers to Kaarage Forest where the soldiers were killed and their rifles taken.
          • Some women like Wanjiru were appointed judges in Nakuru's Mau Mau Courts which passed sentences on anti-Mau Mau crimes. These illustrated by the emergence of a small number of women who acted as executioners.
23.  
    1. Highlight five challenges faced by early political organizations in Kenya. (5 marks)
       • Their members were subjected to harassment by the colonial government, especially arresting and dispersing demonstrators.
       • The organizations were demoralized through the deportation of the leaders like Thuku (EAA). Muindi Mbingu (UMA) and Jimmy Mwambichi (THA).
       • The associations experienced political wrangles between members as witnessed in KCA between 1931 and 1939 and CAA upon departure of its two key leaders.
       • Many of the leaders of the organizations had little experience in running political parties and therefore mismanaged their offices.
       • The organizations were faced with financial inadequacy. Many Africans were
       • Experiencing financial problems due to land alienation, taxation and poor working conditions and therefore could not adequately contribute to the associations.
       • There was a lot of disunity since most organizations were ethnic-based
24. Discuss five reasons why the Maasai collaborated with the British. (10 marks)
    • Losses of the Maasai military supremacy: At the time the British came to Kenya, the Nandi had overtaken the Maasai in terms of military superiority. They therefore sought for foreign support against their aggressors.
    • Internal feuds: There were a series of succession disputes in the period between 1850 and 1890 caused by differences in economic activities. In one of the disputes, when Lenana seemed to be losing to Sendeyo, he appealed to the British for support.
    • Natural calamities/disasters: The Maasai country witnessed severe hunger, livestock and human diseases in the 1850s. These weakened them more making them unable to resist.
    • Threat and wars from the Agikuyu: When the Maasai went to reclaim their women and children at the end of the hunger period, they were met with outright threat of attacks from the Agikuyu. They therefore sought British support.
    • Prophecy of Mbatian: He prophesized the coming of a white man who was more powerful and that the Maasai should not bother to resist him.
    • Lenana personally chose the path of collaboration because he wanted to consolidate his position and that of his kingdom. He was looking for the much-needed military support to overcome his sibling, Sendeyo of the Loita Maasai.