Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Form 3 End Term 3 Exams 2023

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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

This paper consists of two sections: A and B
Answer all the questions in section A
Answer question 6 and any two questions from section B

SECTION A

Answer all questions in this section

1. What is Agro - forestry? 2mks
2. Give three reasons why Agro - forestry is encouraged in Kenya. 3mks
1. Define the term mining? 2mks
2. List three challenges Kenya faces in Exploitation of her Minerals. 3mks
1. Differentiate between Agriculture and Market gardening. 2mks
2. Mention the factors that have favored horticulture industry in Kenya. 3mks
1. Define Beef farming. 2mks
2. State three similarities of beef farming in Kenya and Argentina. 3mks
1. Name two wheat growing counties in Kenya. 2mks
2. State three human conditions that favor wheat growing in Kenya. 3mks

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions in this section.

Study the photograph below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
1. What type of a photograph is this? (2mks)
2. Name the economic activity taking place in the above photograph (1mk)
3. Name the type of the economic activity mentioned in (b) above. (1mk)
4. If the photograph was taken with the camera facing north, what time of the day was photograph taken? Explain your answer. (3mks)
5. What was the weather at the time when the photograph was taken? (1mk)
6. Give three reasons for your answer in e) above (3mks)
7. Explain three negative effects of the activity shown in the photograph on the environment. (6mks)
8. Explain four ways in which the activity shown in the photograph contributes to the economy in that country. (8mks)
1. 1. Name two counties in Kenya where sugarcane is grown in large scale (2mks)
  2. State three physical conditions that favour sugarcane growing in the lake region of Kenya (3mks)
2. Describe sugarcane cultivation from land preparation to harvesting (6mks)
3. Explain four problems facing sugarcane farming in Kenya (8mks)
4. Form three students visited a sugar factory for a field study on sugar processing.
  1. Outline four stages of sugar processing that the class may have observed. (4mks)
  2. Name two by products of sugar that the class may have identified during the study. (2mks)
1. 1. What is Agriculture? (2mks)
  2. Mention three social factors that influence agriculture. (3mks)
2. 1. State the main characteristics of intensive subsistence dominated by food crops. (4mks)
  2. Name two areas where intensive subsistence farming is practiced in Kenya. (2mks)
3. 1. Define plantation Agriculture. (2mks)
  2. State four main characteristics of plantation farming. (4mks)
4. 1. What is mixed farming? (2mks)
  2. Name two regions in Africa where it is practiced in Africa. (2mks)
  3. State four advantages of mixed farming. (4mks)
1. 1. Define the term transhumance. (2 mks)
  2. State four characteristics of nomadic pastoralism. (4 mks)
2. 1. Name three dairy breeds kept in Kenya. (3 mks)
  2. Explain four conditions favouring dairy farming in the Kenya highlands. (8 mks)
3. 1. State four limitation of beef farming in Kenya. (4 mks)
  2. Give four similarities between beef farming in Kenya and Argentina. (4 mks)
1. 1. Define the term forestry. (2 mks)
  2. Name three forest reserves found in the Coastal region of Kenya. (3 mks)
  1. State three ways in which the clearing of forest has affected the natural environment of Kenya. (3 mks)
  2. Why is it necessary to carry out afforestation programmes in Kenya? (3 mks)
2. Explain four factors that have favored the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya. (8 mks)
3. Explain three problems that affect forestry in Canada. (6 mks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1. What is Agro-forestry? 2mks
  - It is the deliberate growing of trees and crops on the same piece of land. (1x2=2)
2. Give three reasons why Agro-forestry is encouraged in Kenya. 3mks
  - To ensure continuous supply of wood fuel
  - Provide raw materials for industries.
  - To conserve soil.
  - Provide fruits/food for human consumption.
  - Farm produce is a source of income to farmers.
  - Provide fodder for animals. Any 3x1= 3mks
1. Define the term mining? 2mks
  - Extraction of valuable mineral elements from the Earth’s crust. 1x2=2
2. List three challenges Kenya faces in Exploitation of her Minerals. 3mks
  - Cost of exploitation is high.
  - Shortage of skilled manpower
  - Kenya’s extensive area is difficult to cover.
  - Minerals are found in remote areas.
  - Occurrence of small mineral deposits
  - Exploitation of minerals pollutes environment. Any 3x1=3mks
1. Differentiate between Horticulture and Market gardening. 2mks
  - Horticulture is the growing of vegetables, fruits, and flowers on large scale for sale while market garden involves growing of vegetables and fruits mainly for local market. 1x2=2
2. Mention the factors that have favored horticulture industry in Kenya. 3mks
  - Fertile soils which mainly of volcanic type
  - Availability of ready market both locally and internationally
  - Good infrastructural systems
  - Support from the government through horticultural Development Authority. (HAD)
  - Availability of loan facilities
  - Favorable climate e.g., sufficient rainfall and temperature which range from hot to cool and cold. Any 3x1=3mks
1. Define Beef farming. 2mks
  - This is the practice of rearing cattle mainly for meat production. 1x2=2
2. State three similarities of beef farming in Kenya and Argentina. 3mks
  - In both countries, exotic and indigenous breeds are reared.
  - Beef products are consumed locally and exported to other countries.
  - Crossbreeding is done in ranches to improve the quality of livestock in both countries.
  - Water is supplied in the ranches and modern methods of livestock keeping and management used. Any 3x1=3mks
1. Name two wheat growing counties in Kenya. 2mks
  - Uasin Gishu county
  - Nakuru county
  - Narok county
  - Trans Nzoia county
  - Nyandarua county
  - Laikipia county Any 2x1=2mks
2. State three human conditions that favor wheat growing in Kenya. 3mks
  - Use of machinery/ mechanization/ manual labor needed in weeding, drying, and packing.
  - Availability of transport facilities e.g., lorries and tractors to transport grain
  - Availability of capital to acquire machinery, pay wages, buy farm inputs.
  - Availability of market for wheat. Any 3x1=3mks
1. What type of a photograph is this? (2mks)
  - Ground general view photograph 1x2=2mks
2. Name the economic activity taking place in the above photograph (1mk)
  - Mining 1x1=1mk
3. Name the type of the economic activity mentioned in (b) above. (1mk)
  - Alluvial mining 1x1=1mk
4. If the photograph was taken with the camera facing north, what time of the day was photograph taken? Explain your answer. (3mks)
  - Morning.
  - The shadows are cast to the west.
    Mentioning time correctly (1mk)
    Explanation (2mks)
5. What was the weather at the time when the photograph was taken? (1mk)
  - Sunny 1x1=1mk
6. Give three reasons for your answer in e) above (3mks)
  - The miners are lightly dressed.
  - Presence of shadows.
  - The skies are clear. 3x1=3mks
    Reject negative answers e.g. The miners are NOT wearing sweaters.
7. Explain three negative effects of the activity shown in the photograph on the environment. (6mks)
  - The dumping of rock waste has led to loss of biodiversity/ destruction of natural vegetation.
  - Dereliction of land due to dumping of waste material / open mines is an eye sore/ destroys natural beauty.
  - Pollution of the areas by noise/ blasts smoke/ water pools are all health hazards.
  - Mining disrupts the water table which may lead to shortage of water.
  - Mining displaces human settlement thus disrupting people and necessitating expensive resettlement process. Any 3×2=6 marks)
8. Explain four ways in which the activity shown in the photograph contributes to the economy in that country. (8mks)
  - Generate revenue used to finance development.
  - Attracts development of transport and communication network.
  - Contributes to urbanization as towns develop near mining areas.
  - Creates employment opportunities to miners.
  - Enhances development of mineral processing industries and other industries. (4 x 2=8mks)
1. 1. Counties in Kenya where sugarcane is grown on large scale.
    - Kisumu
    - Bungoma
    - Kakamega
    - Busia
    - Homabay Any 2x1=2
  2. Physical conditions favoring sugarcane growing in the lake region of Kenya.
    - Deep, well drained soils/alluvial/clay/black canton soils
    - Undulating landscape/1,200 mm- 150mm per annum well distributed rainfall
    - High temperatures 20°c- 28°c
    - Long periods of sunlight near harvesting time for sugar accumulate in the cane. (3x1=3 marks)
2. Sugar cultivation from land preparation to harvesting.
  - Land is cleared of its natural vegetation.
  - It is ploughed using tractors/ox- drawn ploughs.
  - Shallow furrows are dug of intervals of 1.2- 1.8m apart.
  - Cuttings are planted in the furrows.
  - Top dressing/ nitrogen fertilizers are applied to kill weeds.
  - After 18-20 months, the cane is ready for harvesting.
  - Cane is harvested using pangas/machetes.
  - Harvested cane is loaded into lorries for transportation to the factory.
    NB: sequence to be followed (6x1=6 marks)
3. Problems facing sugarcane farming in Kenya.
  - Pests like termites/white grub attacks the plant and lowers the yield/low income to farmers.
  - Diseases like Ratoon stunting diseases and smut attack the plant leading to low yield/low profit margin.
  - Accidental fires destroy the cane resulting in heavy losses to the farmers.
  - Flooding of market with cheap imported sugar resulting into unfair competition hence delays in the payments to farmers which frustrates them.
  - Delays in harvesting reduce quality of sugar hence reducing the farmer’s earnings.
  - Poor feeder roads lead to delay in delivery of the cane to the factory thus lowering the quality.
  - Prolonged droughts in some areas destroy the crop leading to heavy losses.
  - High cost of farm inputs reduces the farmer’s profit margins, frustrating them.
  - Mismanagement of factories/co-operatives leads to delayed payments frustrating the farmers (any 4x2= 8 marks)
4. 1. - Washing of the cane
    - Weighing of the cane
    - Chopping of the cane
    - Crushing/squeezing
    - Boiling of the juice
    - Filtering/clarifying/sieving
    - Crystallization
    - Drying
    - Cooling
    - Centrifuging
    - Bleaching
    - Grading
    - Weighing
    - Packing/bagging (any 4x1=4 marks)
  2. - By- products of sugar
    - Molasses
    - Bagasse
    - Aconitic acid
    - Filter lake/mud (any 2x1=2 marks)
1. 1. What is Agriculture? 2mks
    - This refers to the cultivation of crops and keeping of animals. 1x2=2
  2. Mention three social factors that influence agriculture. 3mks
    - Culture and traditions
    - Ownership and inheritance of land
    - Religion e.g., Muslim do not rear pigs while Hindu cannot practice cattle rearing. 3x1=3
2. 1. Define intensive subsistence Agriculture. 2mks
    - It involves maximum utilization of all cultivatable land, common in areas with extremely high population densities. 1x2=2
  2. State the main characteristics of intensive subsistence dominated by food crops. 4mks
    - A wide variety of food crop apart from rice are grown e.g., Wheat, soyabeans, barley, millet etc.
    - Land is intensively used.
    - Much of the work is done by manual labor.
    - Little mechanization is practiced.
    - Farmers use both organic manure and artificial fertilizers.
    - Irrigation is used where water is inadequate. Any 4x1=4mks
  3. Name two areas where intensive subsistence farming is practiced in Kenya. 2mks
    - Kiambu
    - Kisii
    - Vihiga
    - Nyamira Any 2x1= 2mks
3. 1. Define plantation Agriculture. 2mks
    - Is the commercial cultivation of crops (mainly one crop) on extensive tract of land. 1x2=2
  2. State four main characteristics of plantation farming. 4mks
    - One crop is grown on large estates of more than 100acres. E.g., crops of tea, coffee, sugarcane, wheat etc.
    - Labor is provided by the local people and boosted by migrants who come to work in plantations.
    - Accommodation of other facilities for workers are provided on the plantations.
    - Large amount of capital is required for purchase of machinery and farm inputs.
    - Processing factories are located on or near the plantations.
    - Mechanization is practiced on the farms.
    - Most crops are used for sale to local industries or for exports.
    - There is extensive use of fertilizer. Any 4x1=4mks
4. 1. What is mixed farming? 2mks
    - It is an agricultural practice where farmers grow carefully chosen variety of crops in rotation and keep animals. 1x2=2
  2. Name two regions in Africa where it is practiced in Africa. 2mks
    - South Africa
    - Central Africa
    - East Africa Any 2x1=2
  3. State four advantages of mixed farming. 4mks
    - Animals provide food for farmers and manure for crops.
    - Both crops and animals increase farm income through sale of their products
    - Mixed farming provide security to farmers since when one item does not do well then, the farmer will rely on animals.
    - Farmers have a variety of products from crops and livestock which supplements his food.
    - It reduces the cost of labor whereby one can work on both crops and livestock at a go. Any 4x1=4mks
1. 1. Define the term transhumance.
    - This is the seasonal altitudinal migration of herdsmen with their livestock. 1 x 2 = 2mks
  2. State four characteristics of nomadic pastoralism
    - It involves constant / seasonal migration of the nomads and their livestock in search of pasture and water.
    - Large herds of cattle are kept.
    - A wide variety of animals are kept.
    - Nomads mainly rely on natural vegetation for their pasture.
    - Land tenure among the nomads is communal.
    - Nomads rely on livestock for food / clothing / transportation (livelihood) 4 x 1 = 4mks
2. 1. Name three dairy breeds kept in Kenya
    - Friesian / Holstein
    - Ayrshire
    - Jersey
    - Alderney
    - Sahiwal cow 3 x 1 = 3mks
  2. Explain four conditions favouring dairy farming in the Kenyan highlands
    - Low temperatures - ideal for the survival of exotic breed / reduce disease and pest.
    - High rainfall all year round - ensure abundant supply of water for the animals / adequate throughout the year.
    - Fertile volcanic soil - ensure there is high quality nutritious cover of grass / pasture for livestock.
    - Ready market - due to high population in the highlands that offer ready market for the dairy products.
    - Well established road network - ensures quick transportation of milk from the fields to the processing plants to prevent it from going bad.
      Any 4 x 2 = 8mks
3. 1. State four limitation of beef farming in Kenya
    - High temperature increasing disease prevalence.
    - Unreliable rainfall causing shortage of drinking water / poor pasture quality.
    - Infertile soils leading to poor quality pasture.
    - Overstocking ruining pastureland
    - Pest and diseases e.g., Ticks, nagana / foot and mouth disease / east coast fever reducing quality quantity of yields.
    - Competition from other land use activities e.g., Wildlife conservation
    - Poor quality animals which fetch low prices
    - Inadequate capital hampering the development of the beef industry. 4 x 1 = 4mks
  2. Give four similarities between beef farming in Kenya and Argentina
    - The beef animals kept are similar e.g., Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Galloway
    - In both countries exotic and local breeds are kept
    - Beef farming is for both local consumption and the export market.
    - In both countries beef farming is mainly practiced on extensive and undulating landscape
    - Modern farming practices are employed in both countries e.g., Cross breeding, artificial insemination, and research into livestock diseases.
    - 4 x 1 = 4mks
1. 1. Define the term forestry. (2 marks)
    - This is the science of developing and managing forests including cultivating them. 1x2=2
  2. Name three forest revenues found in the Coastal region of Kenya. (3 marks)
    - Shimba hills.
    - Arabuko Sokoke forest reserve.
    - Boni/ Dandori forest.
    - Mangrove forests.
    - Kaya forests. Any 3x1=3mks
2. 1. State three ways in which the clearing of forests has affected the natural environment of Kenya.
    - Has led to reduced volume of water in rivers/ drying up of rivers.
    - Destruction of natural habitat for wildlife endangering some wildlife species.
    - Destroys the beauty and lowers the aesthetic value of the environment.
    - Has disrupted the eco-system.
    - Has accelerated soil erosion. Any 3x1=3 mks
  2. Why is it necessary to carry out afforestation programmes in Kenya. (3 marks)
    - Protect water catchment areas.
    - Protect soil from erosion by wind and water.
    - Ensure a sustainable supply of forest products.
    - To put more land under forest cover.
    - Check extinction of indigenous trees/ check desertification.
    - To regulate climate Any 3x1=3mks
3. Explain four factors that have favored the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya.
  - Area receives high rainfall throughout the year which encourages the growth.
  - The area has deep fertile volcanic soils that support firm ground to trees.
  - Area has well drained soil thus no water logging that can choke plants and interfere with their growth.
  - Area has moderate to cool temperature which is ideal for the growth of variety of trees.
  - Area is gazetted as a forest reserve hence cultivation and settlement are prohibited, hence allowing tree growth without interference.
  - The steep slope discourages human activities thus making forest to thrive. (4×2=8 marks)
4. Explain three problems that affect forestry in Canada.
  - Accidental fires that consume large tracts of forests reducing the area under forests.
  - The cold climate leads to trees taking too long to mature which delays harvesting time.
  - Rugged landscape especially in the mountainous regions of forests are difficult to access during winter.
  - Over exploitation of forests in some areas has created shortage in some tree species which take long to mature when re-planted.
    3 x 2 = 6mks