Agriculture Questions and Answers - Form 4 Mid Term 1 Exams 2023

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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

This paper consists of three sections; A, B and C
Answer ALL the questions in sections A and B
Answer any TWO questions in section C
All answers to be written in English

SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

Name causal agent of anaplasmosis disease in cattle (½mk)
State four reasons for castration in pigs (2 mks)
State four characteristics of roughage livestock feeds (2 mks)
State four roles of worker bee in a colony (2 mks)
State one function for each of the following
1. Shovel (½mk)
2. Strip cup (½ mk)
Give three ways in which infectious diseases can spread from one livestock to another within a farm. (1 ½ mk)
Name three methods that are used in selection of breeding stock in livestock production. (1 ½ mk)
Name one livestock disease that is transmitted by each of the following parasites
1. Blue ticks (½ mk)
2. Brown ear ticks (½ mk)
3. Tsetse flies (½ mk)
State four methods of controlling round worms (Ascaris sp) in livestock (2 mks)
Apart from hides, name the raw materials obtained from each of the following livestock for the textile industry.
1. Goat (½ mk)
2. Sheep (½ mk)
3. Rabbit (½ mk)
Name two nutritional diseases of cattle (1 mk)
State four signs of infestation by external parasites in goats (2 mks)
Give four disadvantages of inbreeding in livestock. (2 mks)
Name four parts of a farm building that can be reinforced using concrete (2 mks)
State four advantages of fish farming in Kenya (2 mks)
State four disadvantages of using plunge dips in tick control (2 mks)
Name the complementary tool for each of the following tools named below.
1. Trochar (½mk)
2. Hand – drill (½ mk)
3. Hypodermic needle (½ mk)
1. Name two livestock diseases controlled through embryo transplant (1 mk)
2. Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeding
  1. Close breeding (½mk)
  2. Line breeding (½mk)

SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

Below is a diagram illustrating the reproductive system of a bull. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
1. Identify the parts labelled
  1. K (1 mk)
  2. L (1 mk)
2. State the functions of the part labelled
  1. Epididymis (1 mk)
  2. Seminal vesicles (1 mk)
3. Name the tool used to collect semen from the livestock (1 mk)
The illustration below shows a cross section of a cattle dip.
1. Name the parts labelled E and G (2 mks)
2. State one use for each of the parts labelled E, F and H (3 mks)
The diagram below represents farm tools and equipment. Study them and answer the questions that follow.
1. Identify the tool/equipment labelled M and J (2 mks)
2. State one use for each of the tool/ equipment labelled K and L. (2 mks)
3. Give two maintenance practices for the equipment labelled K (1 mk)
The diagram below represents livestock parasites
1. Identify parasite E (½ mk)
2. State three symptoms that may be observed in an animal that has been attacked by parasite F. (3 mks)
3. Name the intermediate host for parasite F. (½ mk)
4. Give one control measure of each parasite. (1 mk)

SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 25.

1. Describe the uses of fences on the farm (10 mks)
2. Explain the factors considered when culling livestock. (5 mks)
3. Give five harmful effects of liver flukes in sheep rearing. (5 mks)
1. Giving a relevant example in each case, describe the role of the various components of a balanced diet in livestock nutrition. (10 mks)
2. Outline the general characteristics of indigenous cattle (5 mks)
3. Explain hoe physiological factors are used as a sign of ill or good health. (5 mks)
1. Describe East Coast Fever under the following sub – headings.
  1. Livestock affected (1 mk)
  2. Vector and causal organisms (2 mks)
  3. Signs of attack (5 mks)
  4. Control measures (2 mks)
2. Outline the procedure followed when hand spraying cattle to ensure effective use of acaricides to control ticks. (10 mks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

Name causal agent of anaplasmosis disease in cattle (1/2 mk)
- Protozoa/ anaplasma marginate/ anaplasma spp.
State four reasons for castration in pigs (2 mks)
- Prevent uncontrolled mating
- Improve the quality of meat
- Promote faster growth/ facilitate weight gain
- Make them docile
- Control breeding diseases
- Control inbreeding. (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
State four characteristics of roughage livestock feeds (2 mks)
- Bulky
- High fibre content
- Low nutrient content
- Low digestibility
- Mainly plant origin (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
State four roles of worker bee in a colony (2 mks)
- Kills the drone after mating the queen
- Scouting for new home
- Collect nectar/water/gum/propolis/pollen
- Make honey combs
- Protect the colony
- Clean the hive
- Make honey and bees wax
- Seal the cracks and crevices (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
State one function for each of the following
1. Shovel
  - mixing mortal/manure (1/2 mk)
  - Lifting soil/manure
2. Strip cup (1/2 mk)
  - detect mastitis infection in milk.
Give three ways in which infectious diseases can spread from one livestock to another within a farm. (1 ½ mk)
- Through vectors
- Through ingestion of contaminated food and water/ through food and water
- Through contact
- Through inhalation of contaminated air/through air. (3X 1//2 = 1 ½ mks)
Name three methods that are used in selection of breeding stock in livestock production. (1 ½ mk)
- Progeny testing
- Mass selection
- Contemporary comparison (3X 1//2 = 1 ½ mks)
Name one livestock disease that is transmitted by each of the following parasites
1. Blue ticks - Anaplasmiosis/ gall sickness/Red water/ babeosis (1/2 mk)
2. Brown ear ticks - ECF / corridor disease/ Nrb sheep disease (1/2 mk)
3. Tsetse flies – Trypanosomiasis/ nagana (1/2 mk)
State four methods of controlling round worms (Ascaris sp) in livestock (2 mks)
- Use of antihelmintics/deworming
- Proper disposal of feaces/hygiene
- Burning of infected pasture
- Rotational grazing
- Ploughing (4 X 1/2 = 2 mks)
Apart from hides, name the raw materials obtained from each of the following livestock for the textile industry.
1. Goat - mohair (1/2 mk)
2. Sheep - wool (1/2 mk)
3. Rabbit - fur (1/2 mk)
Name two nutritional diseases of cattle (1 mk)
- Milk fever/parturient puresis
- Bloat
- Calf tetany / tetany / grass staggers/ grass tenany (2 X ½ = 1 mk)
State four signs of infestation by external parasites in goats (2 mks)
- Anorexia/loss of appetite under heavy digestion
- Stiff dry coat/starring coat
- Dehydration and pale mucosa
- Eggs and adults are seen in feaces
- General emaciation
- Anaemic condition when infestation is heavy
- Pot – bellies especially in young animals
- Coughing (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
Give four disadvantages of inbreeding in livestock. (2 mks)
- Reduction of vigour in animals/ loss of hybrid vigour / heterosis
- Quality of products is lowered
- Reduction in disease resistance ability
- Appearance of undesirable hereditary defects
- Increase in abortion/embryonic mortality
- Decline in fertility
- Reduced production. (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
Name four parts of a farm building that can be reinforced using concrete (2 mks
- Foundation of the building
- Floor slab/ floor
- Lintel
- Pillars
- Walls (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
State four advantages of fish farming in Kenya (2 mks)
- Cheap source of protein for the family
- Require little land and is possible where land is limiting
- Quick source of income for the farmer
- Make fish to be available with the locality (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
State four disadvantages of using plunge dips in tick control (2 mks)
- High initial construction cost/ high capital
- Dangerous for young and pregnant, sick animals/heavy
- Requires a lot of water
- Poisoning by swallowing dip wash (4 X 1//2 = 2 mks)
Name the complementary tool for each of the following tools named below.
1. Trochar – canula (1/2 mk)
2. Hand – drill – drill bit/twist drill (1/2 mk)
3. Hypodermic needle – syringe (1/2 mk)
1. Name two livestock diseases controlled through embryo transplant (1 mk)
  1. Brucellosis / contagious abortion / Bang’s disease
  2. Vaginitis e.g. Borine trichomoniasis
  3. Vibriosis ( Borine genital campylo bacteriosis ) (2 X ½ = 1 mk)
2. Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeding
  1. Close breeding – mating of closely related animals (1/2 mk)
  2. Line breeding – mating of distantly related animals that share a common ancestry. (1/2 mk)

SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

Below is a diagram illustrating the reproductive system of a bull. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
1. Identify the parts labelled
  1. K - Urethra (1 mk)
  2. L - Testes / testis (1 mk)
2. State the functions of the part labelled
  1. Epididymis – stores sperms (1 mk)
  2. Seminal vesicles – secrete seminal fluid/ semen in which sperms move (1 mk)
3. Name the tool used to collect semen from the livestock (1 mk)
  - Artificial vagina
The illustration below shows a cross section of a cattle dip.
1. Name the parts labelled E and G
  - E – footbath (1 mk)
  - G – dip tank (1 mk)
2. State one use for each of the parts labelled E, F and H
  - E – cleans hooves/ controls foot rot (1 mk)
  - F – forces the animal to slide and plunge in to the dip wash (1 mk)
  - H – Allows the dip wash to drip from the animal and flow back to the dip tank (1 mk)
The diagram below represents farm tools and equipment. Study them and answer the questions that follow.
1. Identify the tool/equipment labelled M and J
  - M – Masons trowel (1 mk)
  - J – watering can (1 mk)
2. State one use for each of the tool/ equipment labelled K and L.
  - K – temporary storage of milk/ holding milk during transportation (1 mk)
  - L - driving nails in to wood/removing nails from wood (1 mk)
3. Give two maintenance practices for the equipment labelled K (1 mk)
  - Cleaning after use
  - Painting with aluminum paint to prevent rusting
  - Repair / replace broken/worn out parts
  - Sterilizing the equipment (2 X ½ = 1 mk)
The diagram below represents livestock parasites
1. Identify parasite E
  - Tsetse fly (1/2 mk)
2. State three symptoms that may be observed in an animal that has been attacked by parasite F. (3 mks)
  - Loss of weight and emaciation
  - Pot – bellied condition
  - Suffer indigestion
  - Damage to the liver tissue and hemorrhage
  - Anemic condition
  - Swollen and painful abdomen
  - Dullness and appearing depressed
  - Recumbence precedes death (3 X 1 = 3 mks)
3. Name the intermediate host for parasite F. (1/2 mk)
  - Fresh water snail / mud snail (1 X ½ = ½ mk)
4. Give one control measure of each parasite. (1 mk_
  1. Parasite E
    - Bush clearing
    - Spraying suitable chemicals / insecticides
    - Use of impregnated nets/ fly traps
    - Use of sterilizing agents e.g. radio isotopes male flies (1 X ½ = ½ mk)
  2. Parasite F
    - Spraying chemicals to stagnant water
    - Physical killing fresh water snail
    - Draining stagnant water / swampy areas
    - Burning infested pastures during dry seasons
    - Not grazing animals near marshy areas by fencing (1 X ½ = ½ mk)

SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 25.

1. Describe the uses of fences on the farm (10 mks)
  1. Provide security from thieves, predators
  2. Enable pad docking/ rotational grazing/mixed farming
  3. Control parasites and disease by keeping away foreign animals
  4. Show boundaries between farms
  5. Hedges act as wind breakers
  6. Have an aesthetic value / beauty
  7. Hedges help to conserve soil and water
  8. Provides privacy
  9. Enable isolation of animals for different purpose
  10. Help avoid boundary disputes
  11. Controls movement of animals and people - preventing formation of unnecessary paths in the farm (10 X 1 = 10 mks)
2. Explain the factors considered when culling livestock. (5 mks)
  1. Poor health
  2. Physical deformities
  3. Infertility
  4. Poor quality products
  5. Bad temperamental
  6. Old age
  7. Hereditary defects
  8. Poor mothering ability
  9. Low production
  10. To avoid inbreeding (5 X 1 = 5 mks)
3. Give five harmful effects of liver flukes in sheep rearing. (5 mks)
  - Digestive upsets due to blocking of bile
  - Emaciation/ recumbency leading to death
  - Anaemia due to destruction due to sucking blood
  - Swollen low jaw / oedema in the jaws
  - Swollen abdomen
  - Destruction of liver tissues / hemorrhage (5 X 1 = 5 mks)
1. Giving a relevant example in each case, describe the role of the various components of a balanced diet in livestock nutrition. (10 mks)
  1. Carbohydrates – main source of energy/ respired to release energy e.g. cereals, root crops, tubers, grass pastures
  2. Fats and oils are respired to produce energy e.g. oil seeds, animal by- products, foliage
  3. Proteins cause growth, repair, and production of antibodies, enzymes, hormones and products. E.g. seed cake, leguminous foliage, animal by-products, young green grass
  4. Vitamins for protection against infection, promote growth, bone formation, muscular activity and organic catalysts. E.g. green feeds, sunlight, milk, whole grains
  5. Minerals for strong bone formation, milk synthesis, formation of hard – shelled eggs, prevent mineral deficiency diseases and promote growth. E.g. cereal grains, green vegetables, fish meal, liver meal, salt licks
  6. Water for biochemical body excretion, cooling effect, transport of food nutrients and components of body fluids, parts of body excretion and products. E.g. metabolic water, bound water, free water.
    1. Component 5X 1 = 5mks
    2. Function 5 X ½ = 2 ½ mks
    3. Source 5 X ½ = 2 ½ mks
2. Outline the general characteristics of indigenous cattle (5 mks)
  1. They have humps
  2. Tolerant to tropical diseases
  3. Slow growth rate
  4. Low produce of milk and meat
  5. Walk long distances in search of food and water
  6. Have calving interval of more than one year
  7. Survive in high temperatures ( any 5 X 1= 5 mks)
3. Explain how physiological factors are used as a sign of ill or good health. (5 mks)
  - Respiration rate: healthy animals breathe in and out with ease while sick animals breathe with difficulties, irregular and forced breath
  - Body temperature: each livestock species has a normal range of temperature, deviation from range is a sign of ill health
  - Level of production: good health is characterized by steady production while ill health is indicated by sudden drop in production
  - Appetite: health animals eat regularly and enough while diseased have very appetite or anorexia
  - Feacal matter: health animals produce feaces that are of right consistence, colour, texture and smell, while animals produce hard, dry, and too watery or with blood spots. ( any 5 X 1= 5 mks)
1. Describe East Coast Fever under the following sub – headings.
  1. Livestock affected (1 mk)
    - Cattle (1 X 1 = 1 mk)
  2. Vector and causal organisms (2 mks)
    1. Brown ear tick/Rhipicephalus
    2. Protozoa / appendiculatus theileria parra (2 X 1 = 2 mks)
  3. Signs of attack (5 mks)
    1. Swollen lymph nodes
    2. Profuse salivation
    3. Fever
    4. Lachrymation
    5. Labored breathing
    6. Reduced appetite
    7. Impaired vision
    8. Coughing
    9. Hemorrhage in vulva and mouth (5 X 1 = 5 mks)
  4. Control measures (2 mks)
    - Tick control
    - Treated using appropriate drugs
    - Vaccination (2 X 1 = 2 mks)
2. Outline the procedure followed when hand spraying cattle to ensure effective use of acaricides to control ticks. (10 mks)
  1. Restrain the animal in a crush
  2. A stir up pump or knapsack sprayer is used to put the acaricide
  3. Spray the entire backline from the shoulder to the tail head.
  4. Spray the sides in a zigzag motion to trap and retain the wash from the backline.
  5. Spray the belly with the nozzle facing upwards
  6. Spray the scrotum/udder and the hide flanks carefully
  7. Spray both hind legs upto and including the heels
  8. Spray the udder, the tail head and around the anus/vulva
  9. Hold the tail switch on the rump and spray it thoroughly to ensure complete wetting
  10. Spray the neck and the fore legs from the flanks to the heels
  11. Spray the head and the face making sure the bases of the horns are thoroughly wetted
  12. Spray the inside of the ears
  13. Release the animal after drying of the animal (10 X 1 = 10 mks)