• Picture Making
  • Drawing
    • Smudge technique
      • Drawing: still life drawing (smudging technique) 
      • Drawing human forms (smudge technique)
    • Crayon etching
      • Drawing pictorial composition using crayon etching
  • Painting
    • Tonal variation
      • Painting: tonal value using white
      • Painting: tonal value using black
  • Montage

Picture Making

•  Picture making involves the application of various methods such as painting, drawing, collage and montage.

Drawing

•  It is making pictures using lines and shades.

Smudge technique

Drawing using smudge technique  

• In a picture, there are dark and light areas.
• The areas that appear dark are those that are hidden from light.
• The areas that appear light are the ones exposed to light.
• This means that colours on the side where light is coming from have a lighter tyone and colours in areas away from the light have a darker tone.

Drawing through smudge technique

• Smudging is smearing colour onto a surface.
• It is achieved when you smear or rub a pencil, crayon or charcoal onto a paper.
• When a pencil, crayon, charcoal or chalk is rubbed onto a surface, different tones are created.
• We create the different tones in a drawing by rubbing a pencil, crayon or charcoal much less on the paper.
• When rubbed much and hard, a dark tone is made and when less rubbing is done, there is a lighter tone

Materials need for smudge technique

1. Ruler
2. Paper or drawing book
3. Sharpener
4. Pencil
5. Rubber
6. Crayon
7. Charcoal
8. Chalk

Tonal graduation strip
Pupil’s activity
Page 3-4

Creating value graduation

• Graduation is a change of tone from either dark to light of from light to dark.
• The change can either be blended or staggered.
• In blending the tone flows into one another smoothly from dark to light or from light t dark without any break.
• In staggered tone, there is clear break between each tone. In this way you are able to see the end of each tone.
• It can also be done by rubbing a pencil, charcoal, chalk and crayon onto paper.
• For dark tones, more pressure is applied and rubbing done for longer time.
• For light tones, less pressure is applied and rubbing done for longer time.
• For light tones, less pressure is applied for a shorter time.
• You can rub using circular, horizontal or vertical movements.
• In order to see how the tone changes, you need to draw a value graduation done.

Materials need for creating value graduation strip

1. Ruler
2. Pencil
3. Sharpener
4. Paper or drawing book
5. Rubber

Drawing a value graduation strip
Pupil’s activity Page 5-6
Creating a smooth value graduation strip
Pupil’s activity
Page 5-6
Displaying of work
Pupil’s activity
Page 5-6

Drawing: still life drawing (smudging technique)

• A still life is a drawing of an arrangement of non-moving objects

Still life drawing using smudge technique Materials

1. Still life objects
2. Paper or drawing book
3. Ruler
4. Pencil
5. Rubber
6. Sharpener or razor blade

Procedure

• Set up a still life composition in a creative way. {place objects close to each other such that, some objects appear partly hidden by others. The ones in front cover part of or overlaps the ones behind]
• Observe the shapes of the objects in still life keenly before drawing.
• Draw the objects when looking at them. {this is known as drawing from observation}
• Shade the drawing you have made using smudging technique.

NB: make sure you note the ones placed in front of the others and their sizes.

Shading a composition using smudging technique
Pupil’s activity
Page 9-10

Drawing human forms (smudge technique)

Drawing human forms using smudge technique

• To draw a human form, look at the person keenly.
• First study how the features of the body relate to one another then draw the whole body.
• Shapes and parts of the body features should be done correctly.
• The parts of the body should compare well with the other parts.
  For example, the head should not be too big or small when compare with the rest of the body. This is known as proportion.

Materials needed to draw human forms

1. Pencil
2. Ruler
3. Rubber
4. Paper or drawing book

Pupil’s activity
Page 11-13

Drawing a human form doing an activity
Pupil’s activity
Page 13-14

Drawing: pictorial composition in crayon etching
Pictorial composition using crayon etching

Crayon etching

• Crayon etching is a picture done on a specially prepared surface.
• The picture is done by scratching.
• The surface is prepared by thickly rubbing over it.
• A dark coat of ink is then applied over the paper.
• A little soap is used during the application to help the ink or point stick on the crayons.
• The surface is left to dry before drawing by scratching.

Materials needed for crayon etching

1. Ruler.
2. Pencil
3. Drawing paper
4. Wax crayons
5. Painting brush
6. Soap
7. Sharp tools for etching such as sticks, pins or nails
8. Black ink or black watercolour paint
9. Containers for holding water, brushes and paint or ink
10. A rag

Pupil’s activity
Page 16-17
Making a picture using crayon etching method
Displaying crayon etching work

Drawing pictorial composition using crayon etching

• A pictorial composition is a picture that tells a story.

Pupil’s activity
Page 18-19

1. Think of a pictorial composition you would like to draw.
2. Take a piece of paper and draw the pictorial composition.
3. Prepare a surface for crayon etching. Plan the crayon rubbing carefully.
4. Take the paper and draw the margins for the picture frame.
5. Select the colour you want to use.
6. Plan on how to colour the crayons you have selected. Rub them as you wish. You can rub horizontally, vertically, diagonally or in spirals. Rub the crayons thickly within the drawn margins.
7. Apply a little soap on the work, then using a brush, apply black ink over the crayons
8. Leave it to dry.

Pictorial composition using crayon etching 

Materials need for crayon etching

1. The sketch of a pictorial composition
2. The prepared surface for crayon etching
3. Sharp tools for etching such as sticks, pins, nails or table knives
4. Rags

Creating crayon etching

• When the surface you have prepared has dried well, scratch out the pictorial composition on the surface.
• Do not work under the sun because it may melt the wax and spoil your picture. Take care to scratch too deep, the sharp tool may damage the crayon rubbed surface.

Procedure

1. Look at your own sketch
2. You may improve it a bit
3. Use a sharp tool to scratch out your pictorial composition.
4. Use a rag to brush off flakes of black etched pieces of crayon.
5. Take care not tear your paper when etching.

Pupil’s activity
Page 20-21

Painting

Painting: tonal variation strip

• Painting is the art of creating pictures or images by applying colour on a surface
• Colour can be applied using a brush, fingers, sponge or any other paining tool.

Tonal variation

• Tone is the lightness or darkness of a colour.
• Every colour varies in darkness or lightness.
• In painting tonal variation is achieved by adding an amount of either black or white to a colour.
• Dark tone is created by adding black and light tone is created by adding white.

Materials needed to create tonal variation strip

1. Paper or drawing books
2. Ruler
3. Pencil
4. Brush
5. Palette
6. Black and white paint
7. Container for holding water
8. Rag

A three tone variation strip using black and white
Pupil’s activity
Page 23-24

A five tone variation strip using black and white
Pupil’s activity
Page 23-24

• A tonal variation strip can have more than 3 parts.
• White can be added to black continuously until the lightest grey is achieved
• You can also add a little black to the white continuously until the darkest grey is achieved.

Blended tonal variation   

• Tonal variation strips can also be creted by blending tones one into another without creating any break.
• This means that the tones flow into another as you paint, it is done by mixing the colour on the palette little as you move from dark to light tone.

Creating blended tonal variation strips with black and white
Pupil’s activity
Page 25

Experimenting with black and white on other colours to make tonal variations strips
Pupil’s activity
Page25

Painting: tonal value using white

Using white on cylindrical forms to create tonal variations

• When we add white to another colour, the colour becomes lighter.
• For example, when we add white to colour blue it becomes lighter. When we add white to colour green it becomes lighter

Materials needed to create tonal variation on cylindrical forms  

1. Papers or drawing book.
   2. Rulers
   3. Pencils
   4. Paints
   5. Brushes
   6. Palettes
   7. Rags

Creating tonal variation on cylindrical forms using white 
Pupil’s activity
Page 30-31

Creating staggered tonal variations on cylindrical forms 
Pupil’s activity
Page 31-32

Creating blended tonal variation on a cylindrical form   
Pupil’s activity
Page 32-33

Painting; tonal value using black

Using black on cylindrical forms to create tonal variation   

• When black is added to another colour, it becomes darker.
• This means when black is added, the colour losses its brightness.
• For example, when black is added to red it becomes darker and when black is added to yellow it becomes darker.
• The more black is added to a colour the darker it becomes.

Materials needed to create tonal value strip   

1. Paper or drawing book
2. Brush
3. Pencil
4. Rag
5. Ruler
6. Palette
7. Paint
8. Container for holding brushes and water

Creating tonal variations strips on cylindrical forms using black
Pupil’s activity
Page 35-36

Creating staggered tonal variation on cylindrical forms using black
Pupil’s activity
Page 36-37

Creating blended tonal variations strips on a cylindrical form
Pupil’s activity
Page 38-39

Montage

Montage: cutting and pasting technique

• Montage is technique of selecting, editing and piecing together separate sections of pictures to form a continuous whole.
• Montage is another technique of picture making.
• It involves cutting different pictures together to make one pictorial composition.

Montage composition

• In montage, whole or part of pictures and photographs are cut, arraged and glued on a surface to form one composition.
• The picture and photographs should be related to topic or theme.
• Montage composition gives very interesting combinations.
• Explore different ways of combining pictures in order to enjoy creating montage.

Materials needed to create a montage

1. Adhesives
2. Printed photographs
3. Sharp cutting tools such as scissors, blades
4. Old newspaper and magazines with relevant pictures
5. Mounting board/suitable for sticking the pictures such as cardboard or manila paper.
6. You can also need pencils, rubber an d ruler to draw the picture frame and paint to make your composition more beautiful.

How to create a montage pictorial composition

1. Choose an interesting theme.
2. Collect pictures and photographs related to the theme.
3. Cut the pictures and photographs.
4. Prepare the sticking surface
5. Try to fix the pictures in different ways on the prepared surface.
6. Use an adhesive to stick the pictures and photographs on the surface.

Pupil’s activity
Page 41-42

Planning a montage composition on the theme of food
Pupil’s activity
Page 42-43

Identifying types of food in montage composition
Pupil’s activity
Page 43

Creating a montage composition
Pupil’s activity
Page 43-44

Displaying montage composition
Pupil’s activity
Page 44

 QUESTIONS    

1. Which of the plants below is a non- green plant?
   
   1. Moss.
   2. Puffball.
   3. Fern.
   4. Algae.
2. Sharing the same drug with a person with similar symptoms is
   
   1. drug misuse.
   2. overdosing.
   3. expiry of drugs.
   4. underdose.
3. In the acronym AIDS, letter S stands for syndrome, meaning
   
   1. symptoms and signs.
   2. acquiring.
   3. state of sickness.
   4. shortage.
4. The following plants have the same root system except
   
   1. carrot.
   2. banana.
   3. peas.
   4. cabbage.
5. Which pair of the following blood vessels forms the main blood vessels in the human circulatory system?
   
   1. Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.
   2. Pulmonary vein and venacava.
   3. Aorta and venacava.
   4. Pulmonary artery and aorta.
6. Which one of the following is not a sign of an animal infected with parasites?
   
   1. Rough coat.
   2. Rise in body temperature.
   3. Chewing cud.
   4. Loss of appetite.
7. The diagram below shows an apparatus.
   
   Heat travels from point A to point B through the process known as
   1. evaporation.
   2. convection.
   3. conduction.
   4. radiation.
8. Digested food is absorbed into the blood stream in the
   1. colon.
   2. ileum.
   3. rectum.
   4. stomach.
9. Which of the following animals is a secondary consumer?
   1. Rat.
   2. Zebra.
   3. Lion.
   4. Bacteria.
10. The soil with the poorest drainage
    1. is used in construction.
    2. is good for farming.
    3. cracks when dry.
    4. has a medium capillarity.
11. The following are ways of conserving water
    1. Mulching.
    2. Shading.
    3. Harvesting.
    4. Re-using.
       Which pair consists of methods that conserve soil moisture?
       1. i and ii
       2. ii and iv
       3. i and ii
       4. ii and iv
12. Which one of the following is the best lubricant?
    1. Tar.
    2. Water.
    3. Engine oil.
    4. Petrol.
13. Which one of the following does not take place when breathing in? The
    1. diaphragm moves downwards.
    2. ribs move upwards.
    3. diaphragm moves upwards. 
    4. lungs become inflated.
14. The diagram below shows a tooth.
    
    The type of teeth infection shown illustrates
    1. cavity.
    2. bleeding gums.
    3. dental caries.
    4. plague.
15. Which one of the following statements on precautions during thunderstorms is incorrect? A person should
    1. wear shoes with thick rubber soles.
    2. walk in open fields carrying metallic objects.
    3. not to stand in a pool of water.
    4. not to shelter under a tall tree.
16. The diagram below represents a simple machine in use.
    
    The arrangement represents a
    1. wheelbarrow and a crowbar.
    2. crowbar.
    3. crowbar and a claw hammer.
    4. wheelbarrow.
17. Which one of the following is not an artificial source of heat?
    1. Candle.
    2. Sun.
    3. Electricity.
    4. Lamp.
18. Dark or grey heavy mountainous clouds which appear low in the sky are
    1. cumulus
    2. stratus
    3. nimbus
    4. cirrus
19. A group of class 7 pupils set up the experiment below.
    
    After sometime, the candle goes off because
    1. water in the plate rises up and extinguishes the candle.
    2. the candle burns using most of the oxygen in the glass and then goes out.
    3. the glass prevents the candle from burning immediately it is placed in it.
    4. the candle burns but the carbondioxide it produces extinguishes it.
20. Which one of the following does not cause tooth decay?
    1. Eating biscuits.
    2. Eating sugary foods.
    3. Drinking water.
    4. Brushing teeth once in a while.
21. Which one of the following is an egg laying mammal?
    1. Reptile
    2. Shark
    3. Eagle
    4. Platypus
22. The rainguage has its parts made of metal in order to
    1. make it look attractive.
    2. make it easy to paint.
    3. withstand harsh outdoor weather conditions.
    4. expand and contract.
23. Below is a chart showing a simple classification of animals
    
    Which animal is wrongly classified?
    1. Man
    2. Flea
    3. Locust
    4. Cricket
24. A HIV victim appeared to loose much weight within a short time and have a persistent cough. The person was likely to be in
    1. window stage.
    2. incubation stage.
    3. symptomatic stage.
    4. full blown stage.
25. Gabions help to conserve soil in the environment by controlling
    1. sheet erosion.
    2. splash erosion.
    3. gulley erosion.
    4. rill erosion.
26. Which one of the following is not a rotational grazing method?
    1. Strip grazing.
    2. Paddocking.
    3. Herding.
    4. Tethering.
27. Which of the following parts of a flower does not wither after fertilization?
    1. Petals.
    2. Anthers.
    3. Sepals.
    4. Ovary.
28. Which of the following parts of a seed develops into a shoot after fertilization?
    1. Radicle.
    2. Cotyledon. 
    3. Plumule.
    4. Testa.
29. When buying animal feeds, salt licks and bone meal help in supplying the animal diet with
    1. vitamins.
    2. fats and oils.
    3. minerals.
    4. proteins.
30. Which one of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?
    1. Mouth.
    2. Liver.
    3. Anus.
    4. Rectum.
31. Grade 6 pupils did an experiment as shown below.
    
    The pupils were investigating
    1. absorption in plants.
    2. photosynthesis in plants.
    3. transportation of water and mineral salts in plants.
    4. transportation in plants.
32. The correct unit for measuring rainfall is
    1. the rainguage.
    2. millilitres.
    3. millimetres.
    4. newtons.
33. Which one of the following is not a form of special sound? A
    1. Screaming
    2. Ringing a bell
    3. Hooting
    4. Singing
34. The diagram below shows the human breathing system.
    
    Air is moistened and cleaned in
    1. J and K
    2. K and L
    3. L and M
    4. M and N
35. The word EXAM is written on a T- shirt. Which of the following shows how the word would appear if the wearer stands infront of a mirror?
    1. EXAM
    2. EX∀M
    3. MAX∃
    4. 
36. The following are examples of food crops except
    1. beverages.
    2. legumes.
    3. cereals.
    4. fruits.
37. Which one of the following weeds is dispersed by animals from one place to another?
    1. Sodom apple.
    2. Black jack.
    3. Oxalis.
    4. Wandering jew.
38. The following are field pests except
    1. aphids.
    2. white ants
    3. cutworms.
    4. weaver birds.
39. The blood vessels on the human circulatory system which have a pulse also
    1. act as links between veins and arteries.
    2. are located deep in the skin. 
    3. are at the surface of the skin. 
    4. carry blood with oxygen only.
40. In a flower, fertilization takes place in the
    1. stigma.
    2. pollen tube.
    3. ovary.
    4. ovule.
41. Which of the following lists does not contain any protective food?
    1. Watermelon, greengrams, yams.
    2. Green bananas, pawpaws, beef.
    3. Fish, kales, ugali.
    4. Potatoes, beef, milk.
42. The bouncing off of light from a surface is termed as
    1. refraction.
    2. translucent.
    3. dispersion.
    4. reflection.
43. The texture of soil type is determined by the
    1. size of its particles.
    2. mineral particles.
    3. living organisms.
    4. moisture in it.
44. Which one of the following methods of preserving food does not dehydrate food?
    1. Drying
    2. Smoking
    3. Freezing
    4. Salting
45. Which one of the following physical changes takes place in girls only?
    1. Increase in height and weight.
    2. Onset of menstruation.
    3. Onset of wet dreams.
    4. Appearance of beards.
46. Which one of the following plants has a tap root system?
    1. Maize
    2. Onion
    3. Coconut
    4. Mango
47. A child was suffering from a certain disease and showed the following signs:
    1. General body weakness.
    2. Face looking like that of an old person.
    3. Bones visible underneath the skin.
    4. Crying often.
       The child was likely to be suffering from
       1. goitre.
       2. kwashiorkor.
       3. marasmus.
       4. anaemia.
48. Which one of the following components makes up the largest living component?
    1. Air
    2. Plants 
    3. Animals
    4. Water
49. A disease which causes a patient to experience itching at the bowels can be prevented by
    1. proper sanitation.
    2. draining stagnant water.
    3. cutting tall bushes.
    4. drinking boiled water.
50. During an experiment to determine conduction in solids, pupils set up the following experiment.
    
    The first pin to drop off was
    1. P
    2. Q
    3. R
    4. none

MARKING SCHEME

1.  B
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. A
15. B
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. C
21. D
22. C
23. B
24. C
25. C
26. C
27. D
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. A
32. C
33. A
34. A
35. C
36. A
37. B
38. B
39. A
40. C
41. D
42. D
43. A
44. C
45. B
46. D
47. C
48. B
49. B
50. D

 MASWALI    

Soma vifungu vifuatavyo. Fina nafasi mpaka 15. kwa kila nafasi umepewa majibu manne hapo. Chagua jibu lifaalo zaidi kati ya uliyopewa.

Katika baadhi ya ___1___ humu nchini, tatizo la uhaba wa maji ___2___ kuwaka kama ___3___. Wakazi wa maeneo hayo ___4___  changamoto kwani bei ya maji nayo imepanda maradufu. Wanaochuuza maji mitaani kwa ___5___ nao hawana ___6___  kwani ___7___ wakazi wa maeneo hayo na ___8___, wamepandisha bei ya bidhaa hiyo muhimu bila chembe ya hisia.

Elimu ina ladha yake. Ingawa haihisiki kwa ulimi, utamu upo ___9___. Nasema hivi kwa sababu nimeyaona manufaa ya elimu. Nina uwezo wa kutambua maradhi kama ___10___ ambayo huambukizwa na ___11___ na mashairi ya aina nyingi kama vile ___12___ ambapo mshororo wa tano hukamilisha kila ___13___. Licha ya hayo, nimewafahamu wafanyakazi mbalimbali. ___14___ kuwa mfanyakazi anayeshughulikia mitambo ndiye
___15___

Kutoka swali la 16 hadi 30. jibu swali kulingana na maagizo.   

16. Chagua sentensi yenye tanakali ya sauti.
    1. Lo! Kumbe alikuwa shangazi yake!
    2. Wanafunzi walisoma kutwa kucha.
    3. Sarafu ilianguka mchangani tifu! 
    4. Baba wa Juma ni mkali kama simba.
17. Chagua kiwakilishi katika sentensi hii.
    Kijana huyu ni mzuri kushinda yule.
    1. yule
    2. mzuri
    3. huyu
    4. kushinda
18. Tumia kirejeshi amba badala ya o-rejeshi.
    Wanafunzi waliofuzu vizuri walizawidiwa.
    
    1. Wanafunzi ambao waliofuzu vizuri walizawidiwa.
    2. Wanafunzi ambao walifuzu vizuri walizawidiwa.
    3. Wanafunzi ambaye walifuzu vizuri walizawidiwa.
    4. Wanafunzi ambayo walifuzu vizuri walizawidiwa.
19. Kamilisha methali:
    Mwana wa kuku hafunzwi
    
    1. kuriaria
    2. kutembea
    3. kuchakura
    4. kupuruka
20. Chagua majina yaliyo katika ngeli ya YA-YA pekee.
    
    1. Maumbo, maktaba, mate.
    2. Makawa, matatu, maji.
    3. Maradhi, maskanini, makavazi.
    4. Mafuta, mazingira, mauti.
21. Ni neno gani halijaambatanishwa ipasavyo na jibu lake?
    
    1. Buriani  -  inshallah
    2. Makiwa  -   tunayo
    3. Alamsiki  -  binuru
    4. Sabalkheri  -  aheri
22. Chagua sentensi iliyotumia o-rejeshi tamati kwa usahihi.
    
    1. Wageni wanaokuja ni wetu.
    2. Wanafunzi watakaotutumbuiza waje hapa mbele.
    3. Achanikaye kwenye mpini hafi njaa.
    4. Waliotuzwa wawape nafasi wengine watuzwe.
23. Chagua sentensi sahihi kutokana na maneno haya:
    Kitabu, cha, nipe, vitate, hiki
    1. Nipe vitate cha hiki kitabu. 
    2. Kitabu hiki cha vitate nipe
    3. Nipe hiki kitabu cha vitate.
    4. Nipe kitabu hiki cha vitate.
24. Makia ya mabuzi haya ni mafupi katika wastani ni
    1. mkia wa mbuzi huyu ni mfupi.
    2. mikia ya mbuzi hawa ni mifupi.
    3. mikia ya mbuzi hao ni wafupi.
    4. mkia wa mbuzi huyo ni mfupi.
25. Ni ipi ala ya muziki kati ya maneno yafuatayo?
    1. Parapanda
    2. Manati
    3. Manowari
    4. Nyambizi
26. Kanusha:
    Ningeenda ningempata akipepeta pojo kwenye ungo.
    1. Singeenda singempata akipepeta pojo kwenye ungo.
    2. Nisingeenda singempata akipepeta pojo kwenye ungo.
    3. Nisingeenda nisingempata akipepeta pojo kwenye ungo.
    4. Nisingeenda nisingepata akipepeta pojo kwenye ungo.
27. Tegua kitendawili.
    Wanashindana wakifuatana.
    1. Kufuli
    2. Samaki
    3. Mtu na kivuli
    4. Magurudumu
28. Chagua jibu linaloonyesha sifa iliyoundwa kutokana na nomino.
    1. Saka  -  msasi
    2. Ushujaa  -  shujaa
    3. Cheza  -  mchezo
    4. Lipa  -   malipo
29. Chagua neno lenye sauti changamano.
    1. Mtoto
    2. Watoto
    3. Mwavuli 
    4. Wayo
30. Upi ni usemi halisi wa sentensi ifuatayo?
    Maono alisema kuwa alikuwa akiwachukia waliowaajiri watoto.
    1. Maono alisema, "ninawachukia wanaowaajiri watoto.
    2. Maono alisema, "Ninawachukia wanaowaajiri watoto."
    3. Maono alisema, mimi siwapendi wanaowaajiri watoto.
    4. Maono alisema anawachukia wanaowaajiri watoto.

Soma kifungu kifuatacho kisha ujibu maswali 31 hadi 40.   

Ajali za barabarani nchini zimeongezeka maradufu. Swali ni je, nani aelekezewe kidole cha lawama? Ni serikali, ni madereva au ni sisi wasafiri? Hiki kimebaki kitendawili kisichoweza kuteguliwa. Kila siku utasikia kutoka kwenye vyombo vya habari watu walioaga dunia kutokana na ajali. Hili ni jambo la kuatua moyo hasa kwa wale wanaofiwa na wapenzi wao katika ajali.

Mojawapo ya kiini cha ajali barabarani kwetu ni barabara mbovu. Barabara zilizoharibika huchangia pakubwa katika kusababisha ajali. Mashimo yaliyojaa barabarani hufanya magari kuyumbayumba na kisha kupoteza mwelekeo. Mwishowe magari hugongana dafrau na hivyo kusababisha vifo vya watu wasiokuwa na hatia. Serikali yetu ina jukumu kubwa katika kukarabati barabara. Wawape kandarasi watu walio na ujuzi
katika ujenzi wa barabara.

Vilevile, magari yanayobeba abiria kupita kiasi husababisha ajali. Dereva na kondakta wake huwasomba abiria ukadhani ni mashehena ya mizigo. Lengo la haya yote ni ulafi wa pesa. Lawama hapa zinafaa kuelekezwa kwa madereva, makondakta na abiria. Ni sharti wenye magari wajali masilahi ya wasafiri, nao wasafiri ningewashauri kutoabiri magari yaliyojaa abiria.

Isitoshe, magari mabovu katika barabara zetu pia ni chanzo cha ajali. Si ajabu kuwaona madereva wakiyaendesha makatara barabarani. Magari hayo huharibikia mahali popote na wakati wowote. Waendeshaji hawa hujipa moyo na kujitetea kwa methali isemayo ukuukuu wa kamba si upya wa ukambaa. Hatua thabiti za kisheria zinafaa kuchukuliwa na serikali ili kuyaondoa magari ya aina hii. Tukumbuke kuwa kinga ni bora kuliko tiba. Aidha, tutahadhari kabla ya hatari.

Fauka ya hayo, madereva wasiohitimu huchangia katika kusababisha ajali. Wao huendesha magari bila kuhitimu. Labda waliwahonga wanaohusika na utoaji wa leseni. Hawajui ishara za barabarani. Kwa mfano, kivuko cha watoto na hata wanyama, barabara zenye matuta na pengine ishara ya kuonyesha kuruba. Wanaotoa leseni wanapaswa kuwajibika na kutoshiriki ufisadi.

Madereva waliotumia dawa za kulevya pia husababisha ajali. Uwezo wao wa kuona vyema huathirika kwa sababu ya vileo. Wao hawamakiniki wanapoendesha magari. Mihadarati pia huwafanya wengine kuendesha magari kwa kasi mithili ya duma. Wao husahau kuwa haraka haraka haina baraka.

Ni sharti sote tuungane mikono ili kukomesha ajali katika barabara zetu. Tukumbuke kuwa nia zikiwa moja, kilicho mbali huja. Sisi ndisi wenye nchi na kumaliza ajali kunatutegemea sisi.

31. Katika aya ya kwanza, ni nani anastahili kulaumiwa kutokana na ajali?
    
    1. Madereva
    2. Abiria
    3. Hafahamiki
    4. Serikali
32. Ni orodha ipi iliyo na vyombo vya habari pekee?
    
    1. Redio, televisheni, tishali. 
    2. Gazeti, redio, televisheni.
    3. Majarida, kiyoyozi, redio.
    4. Runinga, uyoka, magazeti.
33. Barabara zilizoharibika husababishaje ajali?
    
    1. Magari huendeshwa kwa kasi na baadaye kuyumba.
    2. Magari huharibika, kuyumbayumba na kugongana.
    3. Magari hupoteza njia na kugongana. 
    4. Magari huyumbayumba na kuwagonga wapitanjia.
34. Kwa nini madereva huwabeba abiria kupita kiasi?
    
    1. Mara nyingi wao huwa na haraka. 
    2. Abiria hupenda kubanana kama ndizi.
    3. Wao huwa na tamaa ya pesa.
    4. Viti huwa vichache mno magarini.
35. Ni nini maana ya methali ukuukuu wa kamba si upya wa ukambaa?
    
    1. Tusidharau vitu vya zamani kwa kutamani vipya.
    2. Vitu vya zamani huwa tofauti na vipya.
    3. Tusividunishe vitu vipya kwani vina faida nyingi.
    4. Vitu vya zamani huwa si vizuri kama vipya.
36. Madereva wasiohitimu huwezaje kupata leseni?
    1. Huzinunua kutoka madukani.
    2. Hupewa na maafisa wa trafiki barabarani.
    3. Hutoa hongo.
    4. Hupewa na serikali.
37. Kulingana na ufahamu, mihadarati husababisha haya yote ila
    1. shida za kutazama barabarani.
    2. madereva kuugua magonjwa yatokanayo na dawa za kulevya.
    3. madereva kukosa uangalifu wanapoendesha magari.
    4. magari kuendeshwa kwa kasi.
38. Unafikiri ni njia ipi mwafaka ya serikali kuhakikisha kuwa magari yameendeshwa kwa mwendo wa kadiri?
    1. Kuwa na maafisa wa trafiki katika kila mji nchini.
    2. Kuandaa semina kuwahamasisha abiria.
    3. Magari kutiwa vidhibitimwendo.
    4. Kutoa adhabu kali kwa abiria wanaoabiri magari yaliyojaa abiria.
39. Ni ushauri upi uliotolewa kwa wale wote wasababishao ajali?
    1. Kuwafahamisha askari wa trafiki kasoro yoyote ya madereva.
    2. Kutowahonga wanaotoa leseni.
    3. Kutoabiri magari yaliyojaa wanaposafiri.
    4. Kuchukua tahadhari wanaposafiri.
40. Kichwa kinachofaa zaidi ufahamu huu ni kipi?
    1. Athari za ajali barabarani.
    2. Chanzo cha ajali barabarani.
    3. Njia za kuzuia ajali barabarani.
    4. Ufisadi katika sekta ya uchukuzi.

Soma kifungu kifuatacho kisha ujibu maswali 41 hadi 50.   

Vumilia alikuwa mtoto wa kike. Alikuwa kifunguamimba katika familia ya mzee Juhudi. Baba wa Vumilia alikuwa maskini wa mali lakini tajiri wa moyo. Alifanya kazi za kijungujiko kuwakimu wanawe na mkewe ambaye walichukuana kama sahani na kawa. Wazee wa vumilia walikula yamini kufanya kila waliloweza ili kumrithisha mwana wao ufunguo wa maisha.

Vumilia alipohitimu darasa la nane, wazazi wake walichochea ari yake ya kufuzu maishani kwa kutumia mifano halisi ambayo Vumilia aliielewa. Wazee hao walimkumbusha binti yao kuwa bidii, utiifu, uvumilivu pamoja na heshima na uadilifu vilikuwa siri kubwa ya fanaka. Naam! Ilibainika kuwa samaki hukunjwa angali mbichi.

Binti wa watu alipopasuliwa mbarika, alikuwa kama mbwa aliyeonyeshwa ufuko, akakataa abadan katan kufa maji. Aliongeza bidii maradufu katika masomo yake na kuwa kama anayetegemea kisomo kuishi. Waliosema kuwa bidii hulipa hawakukosea. Mtihani ulipofanywa na matokeo kutolewa, Vumilia aliwaacha wengi vinywa wazi kwa kuwa alikuwa amewashinda watahiniwa wote nchini.

Halikuwa la mjadala tena. Anayechovya asali hachovyi mara moja. Vumilia hakulegeza kamba wala kuangalia nyuma. Makini yake yalikwama masomoni. Licha ya kuwa kijana, alikataa kuwa bendera ya kufuata upepo. Alimakinikia ndoto yake ya kuwa mhasibu ili kuwaauni wazee wake kama njia ya kushukuru kwa yote waliyoyatenda. Wafadhili wake waliridhishwa na hatua yao ya kumfadhili Vumilia tangu shule ya msingi hadi chuo kikuu.

Hewaa! Hayawi hayawi huwa. Tunapozungumza sasa, Vumilia ni mhasibu mkuu katika benki kuu ya Tulizeni. Amewajengea wazee wake kasri na kuhakikisha kuwa wanapata kila wanalohitaji. Daima huwasomesha wadogo wake na kuwahimiza kufanya bidii za duduvule wakifahamu mno kuwa jasho la leo ndilo faraja ya kesho.

41. Ni kweli kusema kuwa katika familia ya mzee Juhudi
    
    1. Vumilia alikuwa mtoto wa pekee.
    2. Vumilia alikuwa yatima aliyefadhiliwa.
    3. kulikuwa na watoto kadhaa.
    4. Vumilia hakuwa na wanuna wowote.
42. Kifunguamimba ni sawa na
    
    1. mwanambee.
    2. ndugu mdogo.
    3. mtoto wa pekee
    4. mtoto wa mwisho.
43. Wazazi wa Vumilia waliichochea ari yake
    
    1. alipokuwa katika shule ya msingi.
    2. baada ya kumaliza masomo ya sekondari.
    3. alipokuwa katika chuo kikuu.
    4. alipomaliza masomo ya msingi.
44. Ni sifa gani ambayo wazazi wa Vumilia hawakumfunza kama siri ya fanaka?
    
    1. Bidii.
    2. Utiifu.
    3. Ujanja.
    4. Uadilifu.
45. Katika kidokezi samaki hukunjwa angali mbichi, anayelinganishwa na samaki hapa ni
    A. vumilia.
    B. wazazi.
    C. walimu.
    D. wanuna wa Vumilia.
46. Kilichomwezesha Vumilia kupita vizuri katika mtihani wa darasa la nane ni
    1. utajiri wa wazazi wake. 
    2. hali ya umaskini wao.
    3. ushauri wa wazazi wake.
    4. mtihani kuwa rahisi.
47. Vumilia alikuwa tofauti na vijana wenzake kwa kuwa
    1. hakushawishika kufuata mkondo mbovu.
    2. aliamua kuwa mhasibu.
    3. alisoma hadi chuo kikuu. 
    4. aliwafaa wazaziwe baadaye.
48. Amewajengea wazee wake kasri ni 
    1. nahau.
    2. tanakali ya sauti.
    3. istiara.
    4. tashbihi.
49. Wafadhili wa Vumilia
    1. walijutia uamuzi wao.
    2. walimwonea fahari Vumilia. 
    3. walimwonea wivu Vumilia.
    4. walisikitikia mafanikio ya Vumilia.
50. Methali gani inayoweza kutumiwa kufupishia ujumbe wa ufahamu huu? 
    1. Heri nusu shari kuliko shari kamili.
    2. Mali bila daftari hupotea bila habari.
    3. Hasara humpata mwenye mabezo. 
    4. Mvumilivu hula mbivu.

MARKING SCHEME

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. B
11. D
12. A
13. B
14. C
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. D
21. A
22. C
23. D
24. B
25. A
26. C
27. D
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. C
34. C
35. A
36. C
37. B
38. C
39. D
40. B
41. C
42. A
43. D
44. C
45. A
46. C
47. A
48. C
49. B
50. D

 QUESTIONS     

Read the passage below it contains blank spaces numbered 1-15. For each blank space, choose the BEST alternative from the given four.

Juma was well known not only for his skill in metalwork ___1___ for the way he ___2___ with people. He ___3___ politely to his customers and he ___4___overcharged them. He was honest ___5___ for this people liked him. His grandmother was friendly. She talked to customers kindly and ___7___ the women how their children were ___8___.Two or three times ___9___ month Juma went to town and ___10___ bags full of old cans On ___11___ days, his grandmother was left to ___12___ the workshop

"Hallo, Grandmother. Are you the shopkeeper this afternoon ____13___ I asked her one day ___14___ I visited the workshop. "Yes, I am," she ___15___.

For question 16-18, choose the alternative that best completes the sentence given.   

16. The secret was between you and __________
    
    1. he
    2. me
    3. they
    4. I
17. The new fabric ___________________ when it was washed yesterday.
    
    1. shrunk
    2. shrink
    3. shrinked
    4. shranks
18. It was not until four o'clock __________________
    
    1. when the choir returned 
    2. that the choir returned 
    3. that the choir returned back
    4. when the choir returned back

For question 19-21, choose the alternative that means the same as the underlined word(s)    

19. The president spoke in very few words.
    
    1. harshly
    2. wildly
    3. clearly
    4. briefly
20. We could hear the sound of the horse distinctly from afar.
    
    1. neighing
    2. chattering
    3. braying 
    4. whirring
21. Had the children worked harder, they would have excelled.   
    1. The children didn't work hard yet they excelled.
    2. The children didn't work hard enough to excel.
    3. The children worked hard and excelled.
    4. The children will excel as long as they work hard.

For question 22 and 23. choose the alternative that means the opposite of the underlined.  

22. The maximum number of players allowed in the game is twenty.
    
    1. least
    2. greatest
    3. minimum
    4. largest
23. The polite learner was awarded by the head teacher at the end of the year.
    
    1. humble
    2. harsh
    3. courteous
    4. rude

For question 24 and 25, choose the one that least fits in the group.   

24.  
    1. stop
    2. run
    3. jog
    4. occur
25.  
    1. pilot
    2. captain
    3. teacher
    4. occupation

Read the passage below and then answer question 26-38.   

The village we all loved so well consisted of perhaps twenty mud houses grouped in compounds on either side of the road. Each compound contained four or five houses arranged in a hollow square. One of these compounds, the biggest by far, was the Chief's. His was the only house with corrugated iron roofing. Not even his wives' houses in the same compound had this luxury.

A little stream ran under the main road at one end of the village near the school. The bridge over this stream was wide enough to take one car or lorry at a time. When we were having our twice-daily bath in the cool, clean water below, it was frightening to see how a lorry crossing the bridge leaned over, seeming always in danger of falling and crushing us.

I suppose I must at an early age have given some evidence of possessing better-than- average intelligence, for my family sent me to school - the only one of my brothers and sisters thus favoured. Perhaps though, it was only that when we were children squatted on the bare earth in front of the house, taking it in turn to invent stories, mine always seemed to be the lengthiest and most involved, as well as the most popular. But then my elder brother had learned to give the customers who came to my mother's shop their correct change at an earlier age than 1, and one of my younger brothers could beat the drum better than I could. I see now that, slight as were my father's contacts with the outside world, he had learnt that a person's success depended on his ability to express himself effectively in the big city on the coast (which to the best of my knowledge, he only visited once), as well as in the great unknown world beyond.

I do not remember ever hearing my father and mother discuss the question of my being sent to school. One morning, without any warning, my father said to me," Kisimi, put on your best gown, wash your feet, and follow me." I must have been about ten years old at the time, for I was just tall enough to reach things on our verandah parapet from the ground outside. My father had put on his best khaki trousers and a blue and white striped robe, and walked ahead of me down the two miles road between our hut and the small school run by the American missionaries on the other side of the village.

We turned off the road up a neat gravelled path lined with short bushes of crimson double hibiscus set at regular intervals. To one side of the path was a dwarf-sized football field, and mango and avocado pear trees stood on the other side, the former with their blossoms, so much like Christmas-tree decorations, swaying softly in the breeze. My feelings are we stepped over the dusty threshold into the cool interior of the one-roomed school were compounded of curiosity and pride, but mainly of the latter.

The American lady who rose from her table in a corner of the room to greet us as we entered was I thought, radiantly beautiful. She smiled as if she already knew and was very fond of us; her skin was white and red, and looked so soft and smooth that I longed to touch it. But when she spoke her voice sounded unmusical and unnatural, and even the little boy who was summoned to interpret for her seemed to have difficulty in understanding what she was saying. I marvel now at the speed with which we all learned to understand and speak the strange language she spoke.

26. In the village where the writer fived
    1. houses were made of bricks and mortar
    2. houses were arranged in two parallel rows
    3. only the houses of the Chief's wives had corrugated iron roofing
    4. the Chief's house was situated in the biggest compound
27. Which of the following statements is correct?
    
    1. The water of the stream was seldom clean.
    2. It was the writer's daily habit to go twice for a bath in the stream.
    3. The bridge over the stream was too narrow for a lorry to pass.
    4. In the village there were no fewer than twenty compounds.
28. The writer says that
    
    1. he does not know the reason why he was sent to school.
    2. his stories were popular because they were imaginative.
    3. all his younger brothers except one could beat the drum better than he did.
    4. his elder brother learnt to give the customers the correct change at a younger age than he did.
29. It is clear from the passage that the writer's father
    
    1. had no contact whatsoever with the outside world.
    2. was well aware of the fact that a man's ability to express himself effectively stood him in good stead in a big coastal city.
    3. thought that his son had more-than- average intelligence.
    4. sent his son to school because he could do no useful job at home.
30. According to the passage, which statement is true?
    1. Kisimi heard his parents discuss that they would send him to school. 
    2. Kisimi and his father were well dressed on the day of their visit to the American missionaries' school.
    3. Kisimi was exactly ten years old when he joined the school.
    4. Kisimi went ahead of his father all the way from their house to the school.
31. On the occasion of his first visit to the village school, the writer
    1. requested his father to accompany him to the school.
    2. had mixed feelings of pride and curiosity.
    3. was very much impressed by the American lady teacher who said that she knew them.
    4. did not fail to notice the musical quality about the American lady's voice.
32. When Kisimi and his father visited the school
    1. The American lady made them feel that they were welcome visitors
    2. They had little difficulty in understanding what she was saying
    3. A little boy translated fairly well for them in their language what she was saying
    4. Kisimi learnt to understand and speak the American lady's strange language which she spoke on the very first visit he made to the school
33. The description of the writer's visit to the school as given in the last two paragraphs is
    1. Vague
    2. Vivid
    3. Dull
    4. Unnecessary
34. What does the expression 'this luxury'. printed in bold in the first paragraph, refer to?
    1. The biggest compound
    2. A bath in the cool, clean water
    3. Corrugated iron roofing
    4. A house made of bricks and mortar
35. The word 'evidence' printed in bold in the third paragraph can be best replaced by
    1. Proof
    2. Confidence
    3. Certainty
    4. Assurance
36. How old was the writer when he was taken to school?
    1. Ten years old
    2. Approximately ten years
    3. Almost ten years old
    4. Precisely ten years old.
37. What surprising thing has the writer mentioned in the last paragraph?
    1. They learnt the foreign language very fast.
    2. The white lady forced them to enrol in the school.
    3. He hated school right from the first day.
    4. He enjoyed learning immediately after enrolment.
38. The best title for the passage above would be
    1. My first day in school.
    2. My childhood years.
    3. The village we lived in.
    4. Why I was sent to school.

Read the passage below and then answer question 39-50    

The term child labour is not new in this country. It is a practice that has existed from time immemorial. Children are forced to seek employment for various reasons. Some may have lost both parents at a very tender age. Others come from very poor families hence are forced to stop schooling to seek employment to sustain the remaining members of the family.

Due to poor working conditions, these children suffer untold pain. Many's the time when these children work in the rain, scorching sun and very dusty conditions. These children are also exposed to very harmful and deadly chemicals for they work without protective clothing such as gloves, mouth and nose masks, gumboots, helmets or overalis. They touch these with their bare hands and step on them with bare feet. Any medication for these children becomes a nightmare.

Most of these children are mistreated by their employers. They are not allowed to complain whatsoever; they are beaten thoroughly whenever they complain. During these beatings, they sustain serious injuries, which become rather septic and rarely get the necessary treatment. Further still, the mistreatment and injuries the children sustain leave them so traumatized and not trusting any adults. They find adults rather inhuman.

Employing children denies them the basic right to education and opportunities to go to school not forgetting that education at primary and secondary levels in Kenya is free. Child labour encourages delinquency, truancy and school dropouts among many children of school going age. Despite the hardship encountered, children prefer to give up school and fend for themselves through the minimal wages received in child labour.

Further investigations on child labour reveal that some parents give out their eldest children to fend for the family and themselves. The case in point is where children are employed as house helps. In most cases, the child employed is of the same age as the children of the employer. The employer's children go to school but the juvenile house help has to wake up at the wee hours of the morning, prepare breakfast, polish the children's shoes and see them off to school. Sometimes the child is subjected to beatings and verbal abuse for work not well done. At times the child will go without food for a mistake made by someone else.

Worse still, child labour encourages drug and alcohol abuse. Most children take to drug abuse and alcoholism to escape their woeful lives. Many of these children develop immoral behaviour due to the harsh conditions they are subjected and exposed to at such a tender age. We all agree that child labour is an evil act that demoralizes children. We should all stand our ground and say no to child labour.

39. According to the first paragraph, child labour
    
    1. has been accepted in the society as a long-time practice.
    2. has been practiced for a long time in Kenya.
    3. has existed among Kenyans for a short period.
    4. is a new practice being tried out.
40. Which one of the following is not a possible reason why children seek employment?
    1. Becoming orphans at a young age.
    2. Being born and raised in abject poverty.
    3. Peer pressure.
    4. There are various reasons for this.
41. ....at a very tender age... has been used to mean
    
    1. young and unexposed
    2. coming from the village 
    3. young and foolish
    4. old enough to care
42. What does the writer mean by untold pain?
    
    1. Too much pain that is not known by many.
    2. Pain that cannot be told.
    3. Pain that has never been heard of.
    4. Pain that can be borne.
43. When you work without protection wear you
    
    1. inhale harmful chemicals.
    2. take deadly and harmful things.
    3. do not get exposure to anything.
    4. are likely to suffer from deadly disorders.
44. What eventually happens to those children who work without protective gear?
    
    1. They are treated although when it is too late.
    2. They contract diseases but do not get treatment.
    3. They withstand all that comes their way.
    4. They are too strong to be shaken.
45. According to the passage, adults
    1. are considered inhuman because of the way they treat the underage and employed children.
    2. inhuman in the eyes of all the children.
    3. traumatize young children in their surrounding.
    4. expose employed children to deadly things.
46. How does the society violate the children's rights?
    1. They do not consider the fact that education is free in Kenya.
    2. They expose them to chemicals.
    3. They beat up children.
    4. They deny them the right to education by employing them.
47. Why would a parent give out their children to work? In order to
    1. fend for their families.
    2. increase to the family income.
    3. avoid paying school fees.
    4. engage everyone in the family.
48. The words 'at the wee hours of the morning' can be replaced by
    1. late at night
    2. very late in the day
    3. mid mornin
    4. very early in the morning
49. Why do employed children take lo drugs?
    1. In order to escape from the wretched life they lead.
    2. They are poor and condemned to die so.
    3. Harsh punishment awaits them later in the day.
    4. It is their only consolation.
50. The passage you have read is about
    1. Child abuse.
    2. The modern society today.
    3. Child Labour.
    4. Inconsiderate parents.

 QUESTIONS     

1. What is ninety eight million, ninety eight thousand and ninety eight in numerals?
   
   1. 98 098 908
   2. 98 908 908
   3. 98 908 098
   4. 98 098 098
2. How many groups of thousands are there in the total value of digit 4 in the number 548 928 671?
   
   1. 40 000
   2. 4 000
   3. 400
   4. 400 000
3. What is the next number in the pattern?
   209, 168, 131, 100, 71, ________
   
   1. 44
   2. 46
   3. 48
   4. 50
4. What is ⁶/₁₃, ⁹/₁₄, ⁸/₁₅,  and ¹¹/₁₇ arranged in an ascending order? 
   1.  ⁹/₁₄, ⁸/₁₅, ⁶/₁₃, ¹¹/₁₇
   2. ⁶/₁₃, ⁸/_15, ⁹/₁₄,  ¹¹/₁₇
   3.  ¹¹/_17, ⁹/_14, ⁸/_15, ⁶/₁₃, 
   4. ⁸/₁₅, ⁹/_14, ¹¹/_17, ⁶/₁₃ 
5. What is 28. 2586 rounded off to the nearest hundredths?
   1. 28. 25
   2. 28. 259
   3. 28.6
   4. 28.26
6. What is the place value of digit 6 in the number 962 534?
   1. Tens of thousands
   2. Hundreds of thousands.
   3. Thousands.
   4. Millions.
7. What is the value of 8¼ + 2¹/₃  of  3²/₉ ÷ 1¹/₆ ?
   1. 9¹¹/₃₆
   2. 18¹⁹/₃₆
   3. 14²⁵/₃₆
   4. 20²³/₃₆
8. What is the value of:
   0.87 + 51.3 - 0.09 + 0.2?
   1. 52.82
   2. 51.26
   3. 51.88
   4. 52.28
9. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 11?
   1. 2 158 496
   2. 2 614 150
   3. 2 588 964
   4. 2 469 830
10. The area of a square plot of land is 2 809m². Find the length of one side.
    1. 53m
    2. 57m
    3. 47m
    4. 43m
11. The population of a country is 46 005 818. If 15 589 746 are women and 21 934 834 are children, how many men are in the country?
    1. 8 841 328
    2. 9 281 328
    3. 8 481 238
    4. 9 821 238
12. A bus travelled from Mombasa to Nairobi, a distance of 468km. Later on, the bus went another 281km to Nakuru and then further 96km to Kericho. What distance in kilometres was covered by the bus altogether? 
    1. 854km
    2. 845km
    3. 749km
    4. 794km
13. A lorry carries 378 bags of rice in one trip. Each bag of rice is 25kg. If the lorry makes 18 trips, how many tonnes does the lorry transport?
    1. 1710t
    2. 171.0t
    3. 1701t
    4. 170.1t
14. In a coffee plantation, 28 080 coffee seedlings were planted in 156 rows. How many coffee seedlings were planted in each row?
    1. 180
    2. 140
    3. 160
    4. 120
15. Three bells ring at intervals of 24 minutes, 30 minutes and 40 minutes. The bell rang together at 1145hrs. At what time in am/pm will they ring together again?
    1. 11.45 a.m
    2. 3.45 am
    3. 11.45 pm
    4. 3.45 pm
16. Kipkoech's stride is ⁵/₈, of a metre. How many strides will he make to cover a distance of 80m?
    1. 128
    2. 96
    3. 50
    4. 64
17. A man spent ³/₈ of his salary on food, ¹/₅  on clothing, ¼ on other expenses and saved the rest. What fraction of his salary did he save?
    1. ¹⁷/₄₀
    2. ³⁷/₄₀
    3. ²⁷/₄₀
    4. ⁷/₄₀
18. What is the GCD of 28, 63 and 84?
    1. 28
    2. 14
    3. 49
    4. 7
19. A matatu left Busia for Nairobi at 2045hrs on Wednesday. The journey took 8 hours 55 minutes. What time and day did it reach Nairobi? 
    1. 1740hrs Thursday
    2. 1740hrs Wednesday
    3. 0540hrs Thursday
    4. 0540hrs Wednesday
20. What is the square of 2¼ ?
    1. 1½
    2. 5¹/₁₆
    3. 4¹/₁₆
    4. 1¹/₈
21. In the figure below, line AB is parallel to line CD and line PQ is a transversal line.
    
    Which of the following statements is true?
    1. Angle b and g are corresponding angles.
    2. Angle a and e are co-interior angles. 
    3. Angle h and g are vertically opposite angles.
    4. Angle c and e are alternate angles.
22. The area of a triangular piece of land is 22.5 Ares. It has a base length of 250 metres. What is its height in metres?
    1. 90m
    2. 45m
    3. 360m
    4. 18m
23. Which of the following properties is true in both a rhombus and a parallelogram?
    1. All sides are equal.
    2. The sum of interior angles adds up to four right angles.
    3. Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
    4. Each interior angle is a right angle.
24. The total length of a barbed wire round a square piece of land is 144m. What is the area of the piece of land in square metres?
    1. 1 296
    2. 20 736
    3. 576
    4. 5 184
25. Simplify:
    ³/₅ (40x − 25y) + ²/₃ (18x − 21y)
    1. (36x  − y)
    2. (36x + 29y)
    3. (36x + y)
    4. (36x − 29y)
26. What is the value of a (3c - 2b)
                                            d
    when a = 2, d = 5, b = 3 and c = 4?
    1. 1¹/₅
    2. 3³/₅
    3. 2²/₅
    4. 2¹/₃
27. What is the value of letter y in the equation below? 5(3y − 2) = 2(3y + 13)
    1. 4
    2. 9
    3. 6
    4. 3
28. Simplify the inequality 2(x − 1) < x + 4
    1. x < 2
    2. x < 6
    3. x > 2
    4. x > 6
29. Find the value of angle m in the figure below.
    
    1. 144°
    2. 108°
    3. 128°
    4. 116°
30. Construct triangle PQR in which line PQ = 6.5cm, angle QPR = 30° and angle PRQ = 40°. Draw a circe that touches points P, Q and R. What is the radius of the circle?
    1. 4.6cm
    2. 3.5cm
    3. 5.2 cm
    4. 2.5cm
31. The top of a 17m ladder leans on a vertical wall with its lower end touching the ground. Which one of the following sets of measurements represents the height of the wall and the horizontal distance from the ladder to the wall?
    1. 5m and 12m
    2. 3m and 4m
    3. 6m and 8m
    4. 8m and 15m
32. What is the total value of digit 8 in the decimal number 3.52842?
    1. ⁸/₁₀₀₀
    2. ⁸/₁₀₀₀₀
    3. ⁸/₁₀₀
    4. ⁸/₁₀
33. Which one of the following fractions will give a recurring decimal?
    1. ¹⁶/₂₅
    2. ⁷/₃₄
    3. ⁵/₃₆
    4. ¹¹/₅₀
34. Work out:
    √0.0324
    1. 0.0018
    2. 0.018
    3. 0.18
    4. 1.8
35. What is ¹¹/₁₆ as a percentage?
    1. 68.75%
    2. 6.875%
    3. 0.6875%
    4. 0.06875%
36. The sketch below shows possible routes to school from Kagu's home.
    
    What is the distance from Kagu's home to school through the health center in kilometres?
    1. 56.2
    2. 10.8
    3. 43.8
    4. 31.5
37. The radius of a bicycle wheel is 21cm. How many turns will it make to cover a distance of 6.6km?
    1. 50 000
    2. 5 000
    3. 500
    4. 50
38. The cost of a plot in Isinya in the year 2020 was sh. 400 000. After one year, the cost of the plot appreciated by 35%. What was the cost of the plot in the year 2021?
    1. Sh. 140 000 
    2. Sh. 480 000 
    3. Sh. 540 000
    4. Sh. 435 000
39. A rectangular piece of land measures 32.4m in length and 26.8m in width. Kiba fenced this land with four strands of barbed wire. What was the length of the wire used?
    1. 473.6m
    2. 59.2m
    3. 118.4m
    4. 236.8m
40. In the year 2021, covid related deaths in a certain country was 3 500. In the year 2022, this number reduced by 26%. How many people died of covid in the year 2022?
    1. 4410
    2. 910
    3. 3 140
    4. 2 590
41. Find the perimeter of the shape drawn below.
    
    1. 33cm
    2. 48cm
    3. 58cm
    4. 63cm
42. There was 1 800 litres of water in a tank. During construction, 68% of the water was used. How much water was left in the tank?
    1. 1 224L
    2. 1080L
    3. 5761L
    4. 1 276L
43. What is the area of a circle whose radius is 28cm?
    1. 616cm²
    2. 4 928cm²
    3. 1 232cm²
    4. 2 464cm²
44. The figure below represents a model cuboid made from wire rods.
    
    Calculate the total length of the wire rods needed to make the model.
    1. 152cm
    2. 308cm
    3. 1 728c
    4. 652cm
45. Figure ABCD is a rhombus. Line BD and AC are diagonals. Angle BDA = 35°
    
    What is the size of angle BAC?
    1. 35°
    2. 110°
    3. 70°
    4. 55°
46. The table below shows Wanjala's expenditure for the month of December 2021. The information on the expenditure on clothing is not indicated.
    

    Item	Rent	Food	Saving	Clothing
    Amount	Sh. 6 000	Sh. 5 000	Sh. 4 000

    A pie chart was drawn to represent the information above. If the angle representing the expense on food was 100°, how much was used on clothing?
    1. Sh. 4 000
    2. Sh. 3 000
    3. Sh. 8.000
    4. Sh. 2 000
47. A length of 3.2cm era on a scale drawing represents an actual length of 9 600m. What is the scale used?
    1. 1:3 000
    2. 1:30 000
    3. 1: 300 000
    4. 1:3 000 000
48. The graph below shows a journey of a cyclist from town X to town M, a distance of 100km. On the way, he stopped to relax. He then continued with the journey to town M
    
    What was his average speed for the whole journey?
    1. 40km/hr
    2. 50km/hr
    3. 48 km/hr
    4. 35km/hr
49. The mean mark scored by five pupils in an examination was 82. If the marks of four of them were 84, 96, 78 and 64, what was the score of the fifth pupil?
    1. 68
    2. 84
    3. 74
    4. 88
50. Which of the following nets can form a closed cube when folded?
    

MARKING SCHEME

1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. A
11. C
12. B
13. D
14. A
15. D
16. A
17. D
18. D
19. D
20. A
21. D
22. D
23. B
24. A
25. D
26. C
27. A
28. B
29. A
30. C
31. D
32. A
33. D
34. C
35. C
36. D
37. B
38. C
39. A
40. D
41. C
42. B
43. D
44. A
45. D
46. B
47. C
48. A
49. D
50. A

 QUESTIONS   

Study the map of Sawe area and use it to answer questions 1 to 7.     

1. The general flow of river Suri is from
   1. cast to west.
   2. south west to north.
   3. west to cast.
   4. north west to north.
2. Tea is grown in the western part of Sawe area because
   
   1. the area has cool and wet conditions.
   2. the area is hilly.
   3. there are rivers that provide water for irrigation.
   4. the area has a tea factory.
3. The general direction of the cattle dip from the tea factory is
   
   1. cast.
   2. north cast.
   3. south west.
   4. north.
4. Which one of the following economic activities is not carried out in Sawe area? A
   1. Livestock farming 
   2. Crop farming 
   3. Trading 
   4. Mining
5. Which one of the following products is transported along the murram road to Gare market for export?
   
   1. Flowers
   2. Milk
   3. Timber
   4. Cabbages
6. Which one of the following statements about the population of Gare area is true? 
   1. People live in clusters.
   2. Most people live along the roads.
   3. The area has a high population.
   4. The area has evenly distributed population.
7. Which one of the following social facilities is lacking in Tuti town? A
   
   1. school.
   2. hotel
   3. stadium.
   4. health centre.
8. The following are characteristics of a vegetation zone:
   1. Trees have protruding roots. 
   2. Trees are evergreen.
   3. Trees are of medium height.
      The vegetation described above is
      1. rainforest vegetation.
      2. savannah vegetation.
      3. mangrove vegetation.
      4. mediterranean vegetation.
9. Below are descriptions of a system of marriage:
   1. A marriage certificate is issued.
   2. It is conducted by a religious leader. 
   3. It is conducted according to the couple's traditions
   4. A 21 days notice is given.
      Which one of the following combinations about a civil marriage is correct?
      1. i and iv
      2. ii and iii
      3. ii and iv
      4. i and ii
10. Which one of the following titles was given to village heads in the traditional Buganda government?
    1. Bataka
    2.  Miruka
    3. Gombolola
    4. Batongole
11. Three of the following statements about French colonial rule in Africa are true. Which one is not?
    1. The French used indirect rule policy.
    2. African colonies were taken as overseas provinces.
    3. A colony was headed by a lieutenant- General
    4. Africans were encouraged to adopt French ways of life
12. Which one of the following communities was the first to migrate and settle in Southern Africa?
    1. Dutch
    2. Zulu
    3. San
    4. Herero
13. Below are characteristics of a form of livestock farming:
    1. Indigenous breeds of livestock are kept.
    2. It is practised in sparsely populated areas.
    3. Overstock and overgrazing are problems faced
       The method of livestock farming described above is
       1. dairy farming
       2. beef farming
       3. paddocking
       4. pastoral farming

Use the map of Kenya below to answer questions 14 to 17.     

14. Three of the following statements about the town marked T are correct. Which one is not?  It
    
    1. was visited by the early visitors.
    2. has a petroleum refinery.
    3. handles much of Kenya's external trade. 
    4. is Kenya's main industrial town.
15. The main source of the river marked M is 
    1. Ngong hills
    2. Mau ranges
    3. Cherang'ani hills
    4. mount Kenya
16. Natural vegetation in the shaded area marked F consists of
    
    1. dry bushes.
    2. short shrubs.
    3. dense evergreen forests.
    4. scattered grass.
17. The communities that used the route marked S during the migration period were looking for 
    1. fertile areas for farming.
    2. better grazing lands.
    3. goods for trade.
    4. iron for tool making.
18. Which one of the following combinations of European nations had colonies both in East and North Africa?
    
    1. Italy and Germany. 
    2. Spain and France.
    3. Britain and France.
    4. Portugal and British.
19. Which one of the following minerals is correctly matched with the method used to extract it?
           Mineral          Method   
    
    1. Gold              deep shaft
    2. Soda ash       drilling
    3. Petroleum      opencast
    4. Copper           dredging
20. Namuli mountains in Mozambique and Hoboli mountains in Mali were formed whep
    
    1. land between faults was uplifted.
    2. molten lava solidified on the surface.
    3. underneath rocks folded.
    4. soft parts of the earth were eroded.
21. The following are conditions for growing a certain crop:
    
    1. Rainfall of 1000mm and 15 000mm per year.
    2. Cool highland temperatures.
    3. High altitude above 1 800 metres.
       The conditions listed above favour the growing of
       
       1. wheat.
       2. pyrethrum
       3. flowers.
       4. cotton.
22. Which one of the following is a characteristic of equatorial climate?
    
    1. Skies are usually cloudless.
    2. There is a high range of temperatures.
    3. Annual rainfall is less than 1 500mm. 
    4. Temperatures are high throughout the year.
23. Three of the following is a characteristic of indigenous education. Which one is not?
    1. Some skills are taught through observation. 
    2. Proverbs are used to teach moral values.
    3. Learners are given written tests.
    4. Parents teach children good behaviour.
24. Which one of the following was a result of interaction of the Luo and the Abaluhya people in the pre-colonial period? The
    1. Luo learnt crop growing from the Abaluhya.
    2. Abaluhya learned circumcision from the Luo.
    3. The Luo learnt livestock keeping from the Abaluhya.
    4. Abaluhya learned crop growing from the Luo.
25. The main crop grown at Kenana irrigation scheme in Sudan is
    1. cotton
    2. rice
    3. sugarcane
    4. pineapples
26. Which one of the following statements about the political organization of the kingdom of Old Ghana is correct?
    1. Decisions were through general agreement. 
    2. A chief was chosen by the leading priest.
    3. A king was succeeded by his sister's son. 
    4. A chief came from the most senior clan.
       Use the diagram below to answer question 27.   
       
27. Which one of the following statements about the winds marked X is correct? They
    1. are cool with little moisture.
    2. are hot and dry.
    3. cause heavy rainfall on the leeward side. 
    4. raise temperature on the leeward side.
28. Three of the following are duties of a head teacher in a school. Which one is not?
    1. Taking care of school property.
    2. Chairing Board of Management (BOM) meetings
    3. Ensuring proper use of school funds.
    4. Allocating duties to teachers.
29. Which one of the following is a problem facing marine fishing in Africa?
    1. Lack of adequate labour.
    2. Presence of water hyacinth.
    3. Inadequate funds to buy modern fishing equipment.
    4. Long periods in the seas.
30. The French policy of assimilation did not succeed in West Africa mainly because
    1. Africans resisted French rule. 
    2. of funds to assimilate the Africans.
    3. there were no enough jobs for assimilated Africans.
    4. most people in West Africa were Muslims. 
31. The most commonly abused drug by people between 25years and 45 years of age are 
    1. bhang and cocaine.
    2. khat and bhang
    3. alcohol and tobacco 
    4. mandrax and alcohol
32. The Atlas mountains in Morocco and Akwapim hills in Ghana were formed through
    1. erosion of soft rocks.
    2. folding of underneath rocks.
    3. uplifting of land between faults
    4. solidifying of molten lava on the surface. 
33. Nelson Mandela encouraged unity in South Africa when he
    1. appointed different races in the government.
    2. took part in forming the African union. 
    3. formed a political party for black people. 
    4. interacted with white people while in jail. 
34. Most people in Eastern Africa use roads to move from one place to another because 
    1. roads are the most widespread.
    2. most people own vehicles.
    3. road transport is the cheapest.
    4. road transport is the fastest.
35. Which one of the following groups is made up of countries that border Eastern Africa in the south?
    1. Botswana, Mozambique, Angola.
    2. Angola, Namibia, Malawi
    3. Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi
    4. Congo, Botswana, Zimbabwe
36. The British used indirect rule in Northern Nigeria during the colonial period because A.==
    1. the area had able traditional rulers.
    2. the area was sparsely populated.
    3. Africans were ready to collaborate. 
    4. Africans resisted British colonial rule
37. A negative effect on the environment that has been caused by rapid industrial development in South Africa is
    1. growth of slums around industries.
    2. congestion of vehicles in industrial areas.
    3. movement of people to live in towns.
    4. air pollution by smoke from industries.
38. The western parts of Botswana are sparsely populated because the areas
    1. do not have good roads. 
    2. have semi-desert conditions. 
    3. are infested with tsetse flies.
    4. have large swamps.
39. Which one of the following swamps is correctly matched with the country it is found?
           Swamp             Country     
    1. Lorian                Uganda
    2. Sudd                  Tanzania
    3. Okavango          Botswana
    4. Malagarasi         South Sudan
40. When the Lozi people of Botswana collaborated with the British they were led by king
    1. Lewanika
    2. Khama
    3. Lobengula
    4. Mashoeshoe
       Use the diagram below to answer question 41
41. The marine fishing method shown above is
    
    1. trawling method.
    2. long lining method.
    3. net drifting method.
    4. purse seining method.
42. Struggle for independence in Zimbabwe was faced by the problem of
    1. lack of unity among Africans.
    2. refusal by white settlers to negotiate. 
    3. small numbers of educated Africans.
    4. lack of support by neighbouring countries.
43. Which one of the following communities in Africa does not practise pastoral farming? 
    1. Tswana B
    2. Maasai
    3. Baganda 
    4. Fulani
44. Three of the following statements about cultural artefacts are correct. Which one is not? They
    1. are preserved in museums.
    2. describe people's culture.
    3. are exported to earn foreign exchange. 
    4. preserve the traditional way of life of communities.
45. The main economic contribution of the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is that they
    1. protect sources of rivers.
    2. are home to wild animals.
    3. make the landscape beautiful
    4. provide rare indigenous timber for export.
46. A problem that was caused by the construction of the Akosombo dam in Ghana is that
    1. lake Volta has disrupted road transport from east to west.
    2. silt is no longer deposited in the lower course of river Volta.
    3. people have settled on the shores of lake Volta.
    4. people who have settled along river Volta are threatened by flooding.
47. Which one of the following was a political party formed in Ghana before independence?
    1. African National Congress (ANC)
    2. Convention Peoples Party (CPP) 
    3. Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM)
    4. Rhodesian Front Party (RFP) 
48. River Congo carries the largest volume of water in Africa mainly because it
    1. has many tributaries.
    2. rises in highland areas.
    3. flows through areas with high rainfall.
    4. is wide.
49. Which one of the following is an economic right? Right to
    1. marry. 
    2. life
    3. education.
    4. own property.
50. The main objective of forming the East African Community (EAC) in 1967 was to
    1. promote economic co-operation. 
    2. promote the use of Kiswahili.
    3. form similar systems of government.
    4. promote peace among member states
51. Which one of the following is a contribution of a community to the development of a school?
    1. Allocating duties to teachers.
    2. Donating land to expand school buildings.
    3. Preparing the school routine.
    4. Providing a school with funds.
52. Below are characteristics of a type of soil:
    1. It loses water slowly.
    2. It cracks when dry.
    3. It has fine particles.
       The type of soil described above is
       1. sandy soil.
       2. loam soil.
       3. volcanic soil.
       4. clay soil.
53. Three of the following were results of the coming of Arabs to Eastern Africa. Which one was not?
    1. Introduction of Swahili culture.
    2. Abolition of slave trade in Eastern Africa. 
    3. Introduction of stone buildings.
    4. Establishment of towns along the coast.
54. Below are descriptions of a town in Eastern Africa:
    1. It is the main industrial town in the country.
    2. It lies along the Trans African Highway.
    3. It has textile industries.
       The town described above is
       1. Thika.
       2. Arusha
       3. Dodoma.
       4. Jinja.
55. One of the duties of the kings of the Buganda people in the pre-colonial period was to
    1. decide major cases.
    2. lead people to war
    3. prepare medicine from plants.
    4. lead people in long distance trade.
56. In Kenya a person qualifies to vote in a general election only after
    1. acquiring an identity card.
    2. registering as a voter. 
    3. completing school.
    4. getting a job.
57. The head of the county executive is a
    1. governor.
    2. cabinet secretary.
    3. county commissioner.
    4. speaker.
58. Three of the following are benefits of democracy. Which one is not?
    1. Equality before the law.
    2. Freedom to choose.
    3. Expansion of industries.
    4. Right to own property
59. A foreign woman who gets married to a Kenyan citizen can become a citizen by
    1. marriage.
    2. Birth
    3. application.
    4. registration.
60. The term writs in the National Assembly means
    1. instructions that declare all seats vacant.
    2. records of parliamentary discussions.
    3. laws that have been passed.
    4. bills that are yet to be discussed.