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• Patriotism
  • Ways of demonstrating patriotism
• African Socialism
  • Importance of African Socialism
• Democracy And Human Rights
  • Democracy
    • Main principles of democracy
  • Human Rights
    • Rights
    • Freedoms
    • Rights of people with special needs
    • Responsibility of persons with special needs
• Law Peace and Conflict Resolution
  • Factors that Promote Peace
  • Factors that Undermine Peace
  • Importance of Peace
• The Government of Kenya
  • Arms of The Governement
  • Elections
    • Functions of IEBC
    • The Civil Electoral Process in Kenya
    • Qualifications of a County Representative
    • The Electoral Process
    • How a County Representative May Lose His Civil Seat

Patriotism

• This is love for ones country
• It is an element of a good citizen
• A person who loves his country is called a patriot

Ways of demonstrating patriotism

1. Obeying the laws
2. Respecting other people and their property
3. Participating in elections
4. Offering services when called upon
5. Payment of taxes
6. Keeping the secrets of the countries
7. Not engaging in corruption
8. Talking good of our country
9. Being royal
10. Attending national celebrations
11. Giving support to other kenyans

African Socialism

• It is a national philosophy
• It was adopted in the year 1965
• Was introduced by Jomo Kenyatta and Tom Mboya
• It was established through the introduction of sessional paper no.10 of 1965
• It emphasizes the spirit of togetherness
• It aims at achieving political and economic development
• It encourages equal treatment
• People are encouraged to live in harmony

Importances of African Socialism

1. It promotes political democracy
2. It emphasizes equality of all
3. It urges people to respect others rights
4. Encourages the development of mutual responsibilities
5. It units all kenyans
6. It encourages equal distribution of wealth
7. vii. It encourages development in kenya

Democracy And Human Rights

Democracy

• It means majority rule
• In democracy majority of the people’s will is respected

Main principles of democracy

• Principles of democracy refers to rules that are generally acceptable in governance
• They include;
  1. Promotion of justice to all
  2. Promotion of equality before the law
  3. Promotion of freedom for all people
  4. Provision of equal opportunities for all citizens
  5. Recongnizing that power belongs to citizens
  6. Respect of people’s rights
  7. In democracy elections are valued

Human Rights

• These are freedoms and privileges entitled to all Kenyans
• They are in chapter four of the constitution
• The section in the constitution with the human rights is called the bill of rights

Rights

1. Right to life
2. Right to education
3. Right to information
4. Right to vote
5. Right to own property
6. Right to equality
7. Right to shelter
8. Right to food
9. Right to marry

Freedoms

• Ability to make choices or do things without being stopped by others
• They include;
  
  1. Freedom of worship
  2. Freedom of movement
  3. Freedom of assembly
  4. Freedom of association
  5. Freedom of expression
  6. Freedom from discrimination
  7. Freedom of speech

Rights of People With Special Needs

1. Right to access special education
2. Right to equal employment
3. Right to protected from discrimination
4. Right to access special equipments
5. Right to be represented in parliament
6. Right to equality before the law
7. Right to fair trial

Responsibility of Persons With Special Needs

1. They should be law abiding
2. Respect their leaders
3. They should not misuse their privaleges
4. They should not misuse their rights
5. They should take responsibilities to build the nation
6. Participating in elections
7. Take part in community projects
8. Being elected in leadership positions.

Law Peace and Conflict Resolution

Laws

• Rules guiding people to ensure peace and harmony

Peace

• A state of calmness when there is no war

Conflict resolution

• This is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement.

Factors that Promote Peace

1. Tolerance
2. Equal opportunities for all
3. Equal distribution of resources
4. Dialogue i.e discussing issues to bring understanding
5. Games and sports
6. Obeying the laws
7. Respecting others
8. Accountability of all people fairly
9. Listenning to the opinion of others

Factors that Undermine Peace

• These are things that result to a conflict
  1. Religious differences
  2. Political differences
  3. Civil wars
     Border disputes
  4. Unequal distribution of resources
  5. Robberies and cattle rustling.
  6. Uneployment
  7. Corruption
  8. Unequal application of the rule of law
  9. Intolerance
  10. Violation of people’s rights
  11. Tribalism and nepotism

Importance of Peace

1. Leads to development
2. Children are able to learn and go to school freely
3. Leads to effective governance
4. Tourism is developed
5. In a peaceful state people enjoy their rights and freedoms
6. Promotes good relations between people and country
7. Promotes businesses and investments
8. People can move freely to places within

The Government of Kenya

Arms of The Government

1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Judiciary

Elections

• Held after every five years
• Supervised by the IEBC – independent electoral and boundaries commission

Functions of IEBC

1. Register voters
2. Keeping and revising voters registers
3. Registering and clearing candidates for elections
4. Conducting of voters education
5. Establishing polling stations
6. Supervising of elections
7. Counting of votes and announcing results
8. Review the contituencies boundaries
9. Supervising and conducting a referendum
10. Recommends the creation of new constituencies
11. Appoints and trains officials to supervise elections
12. Determines the number each political party will niominate in the parliament
13. Sets the campaign period
14. Announces the election dates
15. Settles disputes related to nomination

The Civil Electoral Process in Kenya

• Carried out in a ward
• The head of a ward is the county represetative or the member of the county assembly
• County representatives are elected by the citizens

Qualifications of a County Representative

1. Must be a kenyan citizen
2. Must be 18years and above
3. Must be able to read and write in both english and kiswahili
4. Must be a registered voter
5. Must be a member of a party or an independent candidate
6. Must be of sound mind
7. Must be staying in the ward
8. Must be supported by atleast seven members of a ward
9. Must have an ID card
10. Must present his nomination papers to the returning officer
11. Must pay a nomination fee of 1000 to the IEBC

The Electoral Process

1. Dissolution of the county assembly
2. The speaker declares all the seats vacant
3. IEBC announces the election date
4. Political parties nominate their civil candidates
5. Candidates present nomination papers to the IEBC
6. IEBC announces the campaign period
7. IEBC organizes voting equipments and materials
8. IEBC appoints and trains election officials
9. Election materials are taken to polling stations
10. Voting is done from 6.00am to 5.00 pm on the day of election
11. Voting is done by the use of secret ballots
12. Counting of votes is done and witnessed by the observers and party representatives
13. Presiding officers announces results at the polling stations
14. All polling stations in the ward submit their counted votes to the returning officer and the winner is officially announced.

How a County Representative May Lose His Civil Seat

1. In case of death
2. Resignation from the seat
3. If declared bankrupt by a court of law
4. If civil election is nullified
5. If he is jailed for more than six months
6. Incase of a nominated county representative the IEBC may nullify the nomination
7. Incase one is declared insane
8. In case one looses his kenyan citizenship
9. Resignation or defecting from his/her party
10. If he misses 8 consecutive sittings in the county assembly.

• Traditional Forms of Government
  • The Buganda System of Government
    • Factors that led to the rise of Buganda Kingdom
    • Structure of the Government
    • Administrative Structure of the Kingdom
    • Functions of the Kabaka
  • The Government Among the Nyamwezi
    • Structure of Government
    • Duties of Ntemi
  • Role of Traditional Governments
• Early Visitors To Eastern Africa
  • Explorers
    • Vasco da gama
    • John speke
    • Henry Morton Stanley
  • Results of the coming of explorers
  • Traders
    • Seyyid said
      • Reasons why he transferred his capital to Zanzibar
    • William Mackinon
    • Carl Peters
  • Reasons for the coming of early visitors
  • Results of the coming of early visitors
• Establishment of Colonial Rule
  • Scramble And Partition of Eastern Africa
    • Reasons For The Scramble
    • The Process of Partioning of Eastern Africa
• Colonial Rule
  • Colonial Systems of Administration
    • British Colonial Administration in Kenya
      • British structure of administration
    • The German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika
  • Effects of colonial rule
    • Positive effects
    • Negative effects
  • African Response to Colonial Rule
    • Resistance
      • Kabaka Mwanga
      • The Hehe Rebellion
    • Collaboration
      • Kabaka Mutesa I
      • Laibon Lenana
• Struggle For Independence In Tanganyika
  • Life And Contributions Of Prominent Leaders in Eastern Africa
    • Haile selasie
      • Contributions
    • Julius Nyerere
      • Contributions
• Regional Cooperations
  • The East African Community
    • Objectives of EAC
    • Problems facing EAC
  • Inter-Governmental Authority on Development(IGAD)
    • Objectives of IGAD
    • Problems facing IGAD

Traditional Forms of Government

• In the pre-colonial periods aficans had well established governments through
  1. Kingdoms e.g.the wanga kingdom in kenya,buganda and bunyara in uganda
  2. Empires ruled by emporers in ethiopia
  3. Chiefdom ruled by powerful chiefs among nyamwezi in tanzania
  4. Council of elders among the ameru in kenya

The Buganda System of Government

• The Buganda Kingdom was situated to the south west of Lake Kyoga and North West of Lake Victoria
• The Buganda had a centralised type of government ruled by a king known as Kabaka
• The stories of origin of the Buganda kingdom conclude that it was founded by a person known as Kimera and Kintu

Factors that led to the rise of Buganda Kingdom

1. It was small and stable hence easy to rule
2. It was sorrounded by weak neighbours
3. Participation in the long distant trade
4. Enough food supply
5. Strong able ruler
6. Creation of a royal bodyguard to protect the king

Structure of the Government

• It was ruled by a king whose tittle was kabaka
• When the king died his son took over
• The kabaka was assisted by;
  1. Katikiro – prime minister
  2. Omulamuzi – chief justice
  3. Omuwanika – treasurer
• He was assisted by lukiiko(parliament)which made laws and discussed the budget

Administrative Structure of the Kingdom

• The Kingdom was divided into countries(district) called sazas ruled by ssaza chiefs
• Counties were divided into units called sub-counties or gombolola ruled by gombolola chiefs
• Sub-counties were divided into kitongole ruled by batangole chiefs
• Below the kitongole were villages ruled by miruka chiefs
• Clan heads called bataka assisted the king on matters relating to clan land

Functions of the Kabaka

1. Administrative. He was the head of government
2. Judicial. He settled major disputes
3. Religious. He acted as a demigod who linked the baganda and their God
4. Military. He was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces

The Government Among the Nyamwezi

• Nyamwezi are Bantus speakers in Tanzania
• The Nyamwezi lived in many independent groups ruled by chiefs known as ntemi
• The name Nyamwezi means people of the moon they came from the west the direction of the new moon.

Structure of Government

• The position of the nyamwezi chief was hereditary.
• Ntemi was assisted by five officials
  1. Mganwe – the ritual officer
  2. Mtwale – the army officer
  3. Mteko – assistant army officer
  4. Kikoma – the information officer
  5. Minule – the tax officer
• Council of elders among the nyamwezi was called wanyaphala
• The ntemi was chosen by a leadingheadman called mugabe
• Ntemi was also assisted by religious officials known as wanjikulu
• The most famous chiefs among the nyamwezi were
  
  1. Mirambo the chief of urambo
  2. Nyungu ya mawe the chief of ukimbu
• The mercenary soldiers among the nyamwezi was known as ruga ruga

Duties of Ntemi

1. He was the commander in chief
2. He administered the chiefdom
3. He made judgement on cases of murder
4. He controled trade between the arabs and his people
5. He chaired riligious ceremonies

Role of Traditional Governments

1. The leaders presided over social cultural and religious leaders
2. They maintained law and order
3. The stading armies protected the communities
4. They encouraged respect of authority
5. They settled disputes and conflicts among the people
6. They encouraged people to work hard to feed their families

Early Visitors To Eastern Africa

• The early visitors to eastern africa came from different parts of the world and at different times They include
  1. The traders
  2. The explorers
  3. The missionaries

Explorers

• An explorer is a person who travels to new places to find out more about those places
• Explorers first came to eastern africa in the 15th century
• They called africa the dark continent(little was known about Africa)
  
  Examples of explorers
  1. Vasco Da Gama
  2. Henry Morton Stanley
  3. Richard Burton
  4. Samuel Baker and his wife
  5. John Speke
  6. James Grant

Vasco Da Gama

• He was the first european explorer to come to eastern africa from portugal
• He arrived in mombasa in 1498
• He was looking for a sea route to india to enable the porguese trade with India directly
• Looking for a place along the coast where they would get fresh supplies of food and water
• Vasco da gama was not well received in Mombasa he moved to Malindi where he built a pillar called Vasco Da Gama pillar
• He visited countries like Mozambique

John Speke

• He was born in england in 1827
• He first came to africa in 1856
• He was a soldier
• He was sent by the royal geographical society in london to find the source of River Nile
• He discovered lake victoria and named it after queen of England
•  After meeting Kabaka Mutesa of the Buganda he was shown a fall and named it rippon falls
• He travelled along river nile to england through Egypt

Henry Morton Stanley

• He was a journalist by profession
• He was sent by royal geographical society to look for Dr.livingstone
• He arrived in Zanzibar in 1871
• He met Livingstone to the west of Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji but he refused to go back to England
• In 1874 Stanley sailed around Lake Victoria and confirmed it was the source of nile
• He visited the Buganda Kingdom and established friendly relations with Kabaka Mutesa I
• The protestants missionaries who were sent by the church missionary society arrived in Buganda in 1876
• The Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in 1879

N/B Henry Morton Stanley established that there was no relationship between River Nile ,Lake Tanganyika and River Lualaba

Results of the coming of explorers

1. The Portuguese exposed Africa resources to the rest of the world
2. They opened up Eastern Africa for the colonialists
3. Report Dr.Livingstone helped to stop slave trade

Traders

• They were the earliest visitors to Eastern Africa
• They included
  1. Persians from iran
  2. Greeks from Greece
  3. Romans from Rome
  4. Chinese from China
  5. Arabs from Arabia
• They came to find markets for their goods and aquire raw materials for their industries 
• The traders included ;
  1. Seyyid said
  2. William mackinon
  3. Carl peters

Seyyid said

• He was a ruler in oman arab
• He transfered his capital from oman to zanzibar in 1840

Reasons why he transferred his capital to Zanzibar

1. Unfavourable climatic conditions in oman(extremely hot)
2. He wanted to effectively control the coastal towns and trade
3. Zanzibars good climate and fertile soils
4. Zanzibar had a good harbour
5. Zanzibar was centrally placed
6. Escape stiff competition for leadership in oman
7. To increase trade along the coast Seyyid Said did the following
   1. Organised trade caravans with the purpose of having regular supplies of ivory and slaves
   2. He signed trade treaties with USA, britain and france
   3. He invited indians traders and money lenders called banyans

N/B said sayyid died in 1856.

William Mackinon

• He was a businessman from Scotland
• He owned the British India Team Navigation Company which carried out trading activities between India and the coast of Eastern Africa
• He founded the British East Africa Company in 1887
• It later changed to Imperial British East Africa Company
• To ensure full control of the colony the IBEAC;
  
  1. Maintain law and order in the colony
  2. Collected taxes
  3. Recruited administrators to assist in governance
• Under the company rule revolts from the africans were widespread
• The British government took over the colony in 1898 when IBEACO bacame bankrupt

Carl Peters

• He was a German sent by the society of German colonization
• The association wanted to get colonies for Germany
• He founded the German East African Company to support trading activities
• In 1888 the German government took over the colony after the GEACo ran out of funds
• The German East African company enabled German to acquire Tanganyika, Burundi and Rwanda

Reasons for the coming of early visitors

1. To trade with the people of the coast
2. To look for markets for their goods
3. The romans traders wanted to break arab monopoly of the coastal trade
4. To look for resources for their industries

Results of the coming of early visitors

1. They introduced new crops e.g.maize, pineapples and cassava
2. Missionaries introduced modern health facilities by building hospitals
3. Introduction of western education
4. Introduction of islamic and christianity in the region
5. Intermarriage of arabs and bantus gave rise to the swahili language and culture
6. Development of towns e.g.Mogadishu, Kismayu, Lamu, Malindi, Kilifi, Mombasa, Dar er Salaam, Bagamoyo, Lindi, Mtwara, and Zanzibar
7. Construction of tourist sites such as Fort Jesus and Vasco da Gama pillar
8. They undermined African Culture
9. They opened up Africa to the scrabble for colonies
10. Africans lost their lands and independence
11. Slave trade led to depopualation of some parts of east africa
12. Resulted to forced labour
13. It led to racial discrimination
14. African workers were underpaid

Establisment of Colonial Rule

Scramble And Partition of Eastern Africa

• Scramble refers to the way European countries rushed and competed to get colonies in Eastern Africa
• Partition was the orderly manner in which the Europeans divided Eastern Africa among themselves

Reasons For The Scramble

1. Europeans wanted to get raw materials for their industries
2. Wanted to get markets for their manufactured goods
3. The British wanted to control the coast of Eastern Africa so as to get Uganda and protect the source of River Nile
4. They wanted places to settle their surplus population
5. For their prestige or show how powerful they were
6. wanted to stop slave (missionaries)

The Process of Partioning of Eastern Africa

1. Tanganyika became a German protectorate
2. The Islands of Pemba and Zanzibar, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan and part of Somalia were part of British of protection
3. Italians were allowed to have Somaliland
4. The French took part of Somaliland(today Djibouti)
5. Ethiopia remained independent after defeating Italy in 1886 in the battle of Adowa

Colonial Rule

• After the partition the Germans took over the administration of Tanganyika from GEAC in 1892
• The british government also took over the administration of kenya in 1895 and uganda in 1894(british east africa protectorate)
• Initially the British Government appointed a commission and later a Governor to carry out administration of East African Protectorate
• The German Government also appointed a Governor to administer Tanganyika

Colonial Systems of Administration

British Colonial Administration in Kenya

• Kenya became a British East Africa protectorate in 1895
• It became a British colony in 1920
• The country was divided into provinces, districts, divisions and villages
• The colony was headed by a governor.
• Provinces, districts and divisions were administered by europeans officials
• Locations and villages were administered by chiefs, and headmen who were african
• The role of the chief was to
  1. Collect taxes
  2. Recruit labour to work in the settlers farms

British structure of administration

• Colonial secretary in britain
• Governor(representing british government)
• Provincial commissioner(PC)
• District commissioner (DC)
• District officer(DO)
• Chief
• Headman

The German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika

• Tanganyika came under German administration in 1888
• The German East Africa Company under the Carl Peters established Colonial Rule in Tanganyika
• The Company introduced taxes and tried to control trade at the coast
• The Arab traders led by Abushiri Bin Salim rebelled against the company(aAbushiri rebellion) in august 1888-1889
• The rebellion was crushed and Abushiri hanged
• In 1891 the German government took over the GEACo
• A governor was appointed who divided the country into provinces and districts.
• The akidas(chiefs)who were mainly arabs and swahili assisted in administration 
• The jumbes were headmen who were very harsh and cruel to the Africans
• In 1905-1907 the Africans revolted against the German rule led by Kinjiketile ngware in what they called maji maji rebellion
•  After the rebillion a new governor was appointed(Rechenberg)who made the following changes;
  
  1. He reduced the number of Africans working in the European farms
  2. Africans were allowed to grow cash crops
  3. He encouraged construction of roads
  4. He encouraged provision of education and use of swahili as a national language
  5. He replaced the Arabs and Swahili akidas and jumbes with educated africans

N/B German rule over Tanganyika came to an end after the first World War in 1918.Tanganyika was placed as a trust territory to the British by the league of nations. Rwanda and urundi were taken over by the belgium and became Rwanda and Burundi.

Effects of colonial rule

Positive effects

1. Led to growth of towns
2. Introduction of formal education
3. Introduction of new crops
4. Development and improvement of transport and communication
5. Colonial rule led to the abolishment of slave trade
6. It led to the rise and growth of nationalism

Negative effects

1. Loss of independence
2. Division of communities
3. Over-exploitation of natural resources
4. Mistreatment of africans
5. Neglect of craft industries
6. Loss of land
7. Loss of african culture
8. Creation of political boundaries separated communities
9. Loss of life and destruction of properties

African Response to Colonial Rule

• This refers to the way africans bahaved or reacted when europeans established their rule over them.
• Some africans leaders led their communities in welcoming the Europeans in their territories collaboration
• Others opposed colonial rule in their territories(resisted)

Resistance 

• Kabaka Mwanga
  
  • He succeeded his father Kabaka Mutesa I as a King in 1884
  • He bacame the king at the youthful age of eighteen
  • Mwanga reduced the influence of Christians by asking them to renounce their faith
  • Mwanga ordered for the killing of Christians who refused to renounce their faith
  • In 1885 Mwanga ordered for the killing of Bishop Hannington of the Cirus
    
    Reasons for the Mwangas Resistance
    
    1. He feared being conquered from the East according to the prophecy
    2. He feared that the christians converts would no longer be loyal to him
    3. He realized that missionaries in Buganda were becoming too strong to be controlled
    4. Warnings from the Arabs about the increasing number of Europeans
       
       
• The Hehe Rebellion
  
  • It was led by Chief Mkwawa of the hehe between 1891-1898(Mkwawa means conquerer of many lands)
  • In the attack the hehe warriors killed 300 Germans soldiers in 1891 in the battle of Lugalo
  • In 1894 the German attacked Mkwawa's headquarters at Kalenga but mkwawa escaped
  • In 1898 Germans cornered him but he commited suicide rather than be captured alive
  • The Germans chopped off his head and sent it to Germany to be kept in the museum

Collaboration

1. Kabaka Mutesa I
   • He ruled buganda between 1856-1884
   • In 1877-1879
   • He welcomed church missionaries society and the Roman Catholic missionaries
     
     Reasons for collaboration
     1. Wanted to check the spread of the Bunyoro kingdom
     2. Wanted to protect his kingdom from external attacks
     3. He respected the Europeans because of their knowledge and skills
     4. He feared the influence of muslims in the kingdom
     5. He greatly admired the medicines and presents that the Europeans came with
        
        
2. Laibon Lenana
   
   • He was the son of the great Laibon Mbatian who died in 1890
   • Mbatian had two sons Lenana and Senteu who competed for leadership
   • Lenana bacame the leader of the Maasai living in the north of Kenya- Tanzania border
     
     Reasons for collaboration
     1. He wanted British support against his brother
     2. Wanted support from the British who raided the Agikuyu
     3. He wanted help from the British because of the famine that had occured in his area
        
        Results of lenana collaboration
        1. He was recognised as a paramount chief
        2. He was rewarded with cattle for his co-operation
        3. The railway was built through maasai land without trouble
        4. Maasai morans used to raid communities who opposed the construction of the railway.
        5. Oloibon lenana signed two agreements with the British
           
           1. Anglo Maasai treaty of 1904
           2. 2nd Anglo Maasai treaty of 1911
        6. These treaties caused the communities to lose their land and independence

Struggle For Independence In Tanganyika

• German rule in tanganyika ended in 1918 when it lost in the 1st World War
• In 1919, The League of Nations took over Tanganyika and gave it to the British a trust territory
• Tanganyika became a British colony in 1920
• In 1922 the Tanganyika territory African Civil Servants Associates was founded
• In 1924 Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association was formed to address the farmers problems
• In 1929 Tanganyika African Association was founded to demand for better jobs and more African to the legco
• In 1945 Nyerere became an official of TAA while still a Student in Makerere University College
• In 1954 TAA changed its name to Tanganyika African National Union with Nyerere as the president and Oscar Kambina as secretary general.
• Nyerere was nominated to the legco in 1954
• In 1956 the Europeans founded the United Tanganyika Party UTP to oppose TANU
• In the 1958 legco elections TANU won all the seats
• In 1960 elections were held and TANU won 70 out of the 71 seats Nyerere bacame the cheif minster as Tanganyika was granted self government
• In December 1961 Tanganyika was granted full independence with Nyerere as first prime minister.
• In 1964 Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania
• Nyerere became the president and Sheikh Abeid Karume the deputy president

Life And Contributions Of Prominent Leaders in Eastern Africa

Haile selasie

• Haile selasie was born in 1892 in Harar, Ethiopia.
• His real name was Ras Tafari Mackonen
• Ras means prince
• He was a cousin to Menelik II
• Before he was crowned the emperor, he ruled Ethiopia as a regent
• A regent is a person who rules in place of a king who is either sick or too young
• Mackonen was helping Zaiduti who had become empress(Menelik’s young daughter)after the death of her father.
• In 1930 Mackonen was crowned the emperor and got a throne name Haile Selasie which means power of trinity

Contributions

1. He set up private schools to modernize education.
2. He introduced a new constition in ethiopia
3. He trained his army in France and equiped them with modern weapons
4. He brought American experts to advice on national development issues
5. He helped to abolish the ownership of slaves
6. He organised his government into ministries
7. He resisted Italian invasion in Ethiopia.
8. He was a founder member of Organisation of African Unity in may 1963 at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
9. NB haile selasie died in 1975

Julius Nyerere

• He was born in 1922 in Butian village in Musoma district of Tanzania
• He was trained as a teacher in Makerere University in Uganda
• After returning from England in 1953, he became the president of TAA.
• He founded TANU in 1954

Contributions

1. He became the chief minister in 1960
2. In 1961 he led the people of Tanganyika to independence. He became the first prime minister of Tanganyika in 1961
3. In 1964 they merged Tanganyika and Zanzibar to the United Republic of Tanzania with Nyerere as its first president
4. Through his efforts TANU and ASP merged to form Chama Cha Mapinduzi.
5. In 1967 Nyerere together with the leaders of Kenya and Uganda established the East African Community.
6. Took part in the liberation of some African countries still under colonial rule e.g.mozambique, angola, zimbabwe and namibia
7. He organised his people into villages called ujamaa villages where people shared facilities provided by the government
8.  He was a founder member of OAU.
9. He improved formal education
10. He campaigned for world peace and a reduction of dangerous weapons. Nyerere was rewarded the beyond war award in 1985
11. He helped liberalise Uganda from the brutal rule of Idi Amin in 1979
12. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere retired voluntarily as a president of Tanzania in 1986

NB Mwalimu Julius Nyerere died in 1999 after suffering from lukeimea at the age of 77yrs 

Regional Cooperations

• Regional cooperation is the act of countries working together with a common objectives
• Examples
  1. East african community(EAC)
  2. Inter-government authority on development (IGAD)

The East African Community

• EAC was formed in June 1967 by three heads of state of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
• It had its headquaretrs in Arusha, Tanzania
• It collapsed in 1977
• In 1993 the heads of states revived the cooperation as East African Co-operation
• In 1999 it was transformed to East African Community
• The new EAC started its operations in july 2000
• The headquarters are still in Arusha, Tanzania

Objectives of EAC

1. Promotes a wider markets for goods
2. Reduce or remove trade barriers like taxes
3. Promote common services like transport, communication , education, health and security
4. Promotes science, research and technology.
5. Promotes peace, security and political stability in the region
6. Promotes free movement of people in the region

Member countries

• Kenya
• Uganda
• Tanzania
• Rwanda
• Burundi
• Rwanda and Burundi joined the organisation in 2008

Problems facing EAC

1. Production of similar items of trade
2. Lack of a common currency
3. Poor means of transport and communication
4. High taxes
5. Political instability
6. Mistrust among the leaders
7. The emergence of other regional bodies
8. Lack of enough funds

Inter-Governmental Authority on Development(IGAD)

• It was formerly formed as inter-government authority on drought and development (IGADD) in 1986
• Its objective was to check the spread of deserts in the horn of Africa
• In order to deal with other challenges facing the member countries IGADD changed its name to IGAD in 1992

Objectives of IGAD

1. Establish peace and security in the region
2. Promote food security
3. Promote inter-regional trade
4. Improve transport and communication facilities
5. Encourage the conservation and preservation of the environment
6. To eradicate poverty
7. Rehabilitate destroyed infrastructure and displaced people

Member countries of IGAD

• Somalia
• Sudan
• Uganda
• Kenya
• Ethiopia
• Djibouti
• Eritrea

Problems facing IGAD

1. Political instability due to civil wars
2. Lack of enough funds
3. Misunderstanding among the member states
4. Lack of a central government in Somalia that makes it difficult for IGAD to carry out its programmes
5. Religious differences between muslims and christians
6. Lack of primary health care and HIV and Aids PANDEMICS
7. Lack of trust and confidence among member states
8. Cultural beliefs that do not promote women’s welfare
9. Low levels of literacy due to inadequate educational facilities and teachers
10. Contributions from the member states do not get the secretarial on time therefore delaying its programmes
    
    

• Agriculture
  • Coffee in Kenya and Ethiopia
    • Conditions Necessary for the Growth of Coffee
      • Coffee in Kenya
    • Areas Where Coffee is Grown
    • Contribution of coffee to the economy
  • Maize in Kenya and Tanzania
    • Conditions necessary for the growth of maize
    • Maize growing areas
    • Contributions of maize to the economy
  • Bananas in Kenya and Uganda
    • Conditions necessary for the growth of bananas
    • Areas Where Bananas Are Grown
    • Contributions of bananas to the economy
  • Sisal in Kenya and Tanzania
    • Conditions necessary for the growth of Sisal
    • Areas Where Sisal is Grown
    • Sisal production has declined due to ;
    • Contributions of Sisal to the Economy
  • Sugarcane in Kenya and Sudan
    • Conditions Necessary for The Growth of Sugarcane
    • Sugarcane growing areas
    • Contributions of Sugarcane to the Economy
  • Beef Farming in Kenya and Tanzania
    • The Kenya Meat Commisision (KMC)
    • Beef farming areas
    • Contributions of beef farming to the economy
    • Problems facing beef farming
  • Fishing
    • Types of fishing
    • Types of fish caught
    • Problems facing inland fishing in Kenya and Tanzania
  • Trade
    • Forms of Trade in Eastern Africa
    • Internal/domestic trade
    • International trade
    • Factors Influencing Trade in Eastern Africa
    • Benefits of Trade in Eastern Africa
    • Problems Facing Trade in Eastern Africa 
  • Transport And Communication
    • Transport
      • Forms of transport used in Eastern Africa
        • Roads
        • Waterways
        • Airways
        • Railways
        • Pipelines
        • Cables
      • Problems Faced in Transport in Eastern Africa
    • Communication
      • Means of Communication
      • Problems Facing Communication in Eastern Africa
      • Benefits of Improved Transport and Communication
  • Industries
    • Types of industries
      • Processing industries
      • Manufacturing industries
      • Assembly industries
      • Service industries
      • Cottage industries
    • Importance of industries in Eastern Africa
    • Problems facing industries
    • Impacts of industries on the environment
  • Wildlife And Tourism
    • Wildlife
      • Game parks
      • Games reserves
      • Wildlife Conservation
    • Main Tourist Attractions in Eastern Africa
    • Benefits of Tourism
    • Problems facing tourism
  • Urbanization
    • Selected towns in Eastern Africa
      • Mombasa
      • Addis ababa
      • Kampala
      • Jinja
      • Dar es salaam
      • Dodoma
      • Arusha
    • Problems Facing Urban Centres
    • Efforts Made to Solve Problems in Urban Areas

What are resources?

• Resources are things we use to meet our needs and obtain wealth They include;
  1. water
  2. minerals
  3. manpower
  4. soil
  5. animals
  6. forests

What is an economic activity?

• economic activities are things we do to earn a living
• It is the use of resources in order to create wealth
• they include;
  1. agriculture
  2. fishing
  3. transport and communication
  4. mining
  5. trading
  6. tourism

Agriculture

• Is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock
• Is the main economic activity of most eastern africas economy
• Is for both commercial and home use
• Crops grown for sale are called cash crops or commercial crops
• Crops grown for home use or consumption are called food or subsistence crops
• Growing of crops and keeping of livestock at the same time is called mixed farming.

Coffee in Kenya and Ethiopia

• The name coffee came from a highland district of kaffa in ethiopia
• The two main types of coffee in eastern africa are;
  1. arabica
  2. robusta

1. Arabica
   • It is the main variety grown in Eastern Africa
   • mainly grown in the highlands regions
   • has the best quality of coffee
     
     
2. Robusta
   • does well in lowland regions
   • has low yields
   • can survive severe weather conditios
   • is more disease resistant

Conditions Necessary for the Growth of Coffee

• adequate and reliable rainfall 1000mm-1800mm
• temperatures ranging from 19̊ C-26̊C.
• Altitude ranging from 1000m – 2000m a.s.l
• Fertile deep and well drained soils(volcanic)
• Protection from direct sunlight for young trees
• Protection from strong winds
• Pruning of the unwanted branches suckers

Coffee in Kenya

• Kenya planters co-operative union KPCU helps in;
  1. collection
  2. transportation
  3. storage of coffee beans
• the coffee board of kenya CBK provides;
  1. guidelines on planting
  2. constructing stores
  3. marketing the crop
  4.  improving through research for better varieties

Areas Where Coffee is Grown

Contribution of coffee to the economy

1. Earns foreign exchange when exported
2. Source of income for the farmers
3. Creates employment
4. Industrial development
5. Development of infrastructure

Maize in Kenya and Tanzania

• Was introduced by the portuguese from central america
• Staple food in Kenya and Tanzania
• Grown on both small and large scale
• National cereal and produce board(NCPB) buys, stores distributes maize on behalf of Kenyan Government
• Kenya Seed Company K.S.C is responsible for the production and distribution of maize seeds
• Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KARI assists farmers through research

Conditions Necessary for The Growth of Maize

1. Rainfall between 700mm-2500mm
2. Warm or hot temperature 18 ̊c-27 c
3. Does well in a wide variety of soils
4. A dry spell towards harvesting

Maize growing areas
Large scale

Contributions of maize to the economy

1. Is the staple food for many people
2. Source of income for the farmers
3. Raw material for corn oil and animal feed industries
4. Creates employment opportunities
5. Maize stalks are used to improve soil fertility
6. Saves foreign exchange that would have been used to import maize

Bananas in Kenya and Uganda

• Introduced from South-East Asia
• Grown on both small and large scale
• Grows on both natural conditions and under irrigation
• Grown from banana shoots or suckers
• Are eaten when cooked or as ripe fruits
• Are the staple food in Uganda
• Kisubi bananas are used in making of alcohol drinks called waragi in Uganda
• Green bananas are steamed and mashed to make matoke

Conditions necessary for the growth of bananas

1. High temperatures betwen 21 ̊c – 26 ̊ c
2. Heavy and well distributed rainfall 1000mm – 2000mm
3. Irrigation where rainfall is inadequate
4. Deep fertile well drained soil(alluvial are suitable)
5. Protection from strong winds by planting wndbreakers
6. Props to support banana plant with fruits

Areas Where Bananas Are Grown

Contributions of bananas to the economy

1. Source of food
2. Source of income to the farmers
3. Source of employment
4. Banana fibres are used in making of ;
   1. ropes
   2. baskets
   3. mats
   4. thatching traditional houses
5. source of feeds for cattle
6. bananas stalks and leaves provide manure

Sisal in Kenya and Tanzania

• Was introduced by the portuguese in 1893
• Is a natural fibre crop
• Grown from suckers
• Mainly grown for its fibre
• Fibre extracted from the sisal leaves
• Was introduced into Kenya by the white settlers
• Grown in plantations
• Tanzania is the leading producer of sisal

Conditions necessary for the growth of Sisal

1. high temperatures of 28 ̊C
2. rainfall between 680mm-1200mm
3. does well in a wide variety of soils
4. plenty of sunshine for drying fibres
5. low lying areas of altitude 0m – 1900ma.s.l

Areas Where Sisal is Grown

Sisal plantations in tanzania are located along the railway to make transportation easier

Sisal production has declined due to ;

1. stiff competition from synthetic fibre
2.  low demand

Contributions of Sisal to the Economy

1. creation of employment opportunities
2. source of income for the farmers
3. development of intrastructure
4. source of foreign exchange and revenue
5. sisal fibres are used to make bags, ropes, sackcloth and mats

Sugarcane in Kenya and Sudan

• Introduced from south east asia by europeans
• grown on both small scale and large scale farms
• grown under both natural conditions and irrigation
• grown mainly under irrigation in sudan
• is perennial crop i.e. can grow again after harvesting
• small scale sugarcane farmers are called out growers
• sugar companies grows sugarcane on large farms called nucleus estates

Conditions Necessary for The Growth of Sugarcane

1. high temperatures ranging from 21 ̊c – 27 ̊c
2. high annual rainfall between 1200mm – 2000mm.
3. Deep, fertile well drained soils(black cotton soils)
4. Gently sloping land
5. A warm dry season before harvesting
6. Altitude ranging from 0m – 1800m a.s.l.

Sugarcane growing areas

Contributions of Sugarcane to the Economy

1. Raw materials for sugar milling factories
2. Source of employment
3. Source of income
4. Improved intrastructures
5. Development of other related industries
6. Bagasse a by-product is used in production of;
   1. electricity 
   2. fibreboar
   3. Fuel in boilers
7. molasses a by-product is used to;
   1. make alcoholic drinks
   2. sweeten livestock feeds

Beef Farming in Kenya and Tanzania

• Is the largest rearing of animals for meat production
• mainly done on large farms called ranches
• ranches are sub-divided into small units called paddocks
• paddocks helps in the utilisation of the pasture
• it is practised in areas that
  1. receive low rainfall
  2. have low population densities
• it is mainly for commercial purposes
• animals kept
  

  Local Breeds	Zebu, Boran, sahiwal
  Exotic Breeds	Hereford, Charolais, Aberdeen angus

• Boreholes and wells are drilled to provide animals with water
• Cross-breeding is carried out to improve the quality of animals
• Animals are fed on fodders such as hay when pasture is inadequate

The Kenya Meat Commisision (KMC)

1. Buys cattle from ranches for slaughter
2. Processes into beef and beef products

• National Agricultural Company manages ranches in Tanzania
• Tanzania Meat Commission buys beef cattle

Beef farming areas

Contributions of beef farming to the economy

1. Source of meat
2. Source of income
3. Source of employment
4. Beef export earns foreign exchange
5. Source of raw material for tanneries
6. Development of infrastructure
7. Encourages good use of land
8. In areas receiving unreliable rainfall

Problems facing beef farming

1. Pests and diseases
2. Lack of enough capital
3. Shortage of water and pasture
4. Attacks by wild animals
5. Poor means of transport network
6. Competition from other sources of protein
7. Low prices offered in the market

Fishing

• Is the harvesting of fish from water for; Sale/commercial purposes or Home use

Types of fishing

1. Inland fishing
2. Sea fishing

• Inland fishing
  • Is done in fresh water bodies e.g.rivers, lakes, swamps, dams and fish farms.
• Sea fishing
  • Is done in salty water bodies e.g.seas and oceans
  • Is also called marine fishing

Types of fish caught

• L.tanganyika is famous/main source of dagaa
• main sea fishing ground along the indian ocean of
  

  KENYA	TANZANIA
  Malindi, Mombasa, Kiunga Shimoni, Vanga,Lamu, Kilifi Ngomeni	Zanzibar, tanga, Mtwara, kilwa Pemba, bagamoyo, Lindi, pangani Dar-el-salaam ,mafia

• The main inland fishing ground in eastern africa is Lake Victoria
• Marine fishing in Eastern Africa is mainly done by foreign companies

Problems facing inland fishing in Kenya and Tanzania

1. Lack of adequate funds to buy modern fishing facilities
2. Water reeds like water hyacinth
3. Pollution of rivers and lakes
4. Use of wrong fishing nets
5. Mismanagement of fishing co-operatives
6. Arrest of fishermen when they cross border
7. Accident in the lakes
8. Problems facing sea fishing in kenya and tanzania
9. Inadequate capital
10. Illegal fishing by foreign vessels
11. Little market limited market
12. Destruction of coral along the coast
13. Lack of proper landing piers and freezers
14. Lack of proper storage facilities
15. Pollution of the ocean by the oil spillage

Trade

• Is the buying and selling of goods and services
• Is the exchange of goods and services for money

Forms of Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Domestic/internal trade
2. International/external trade

Internal/domestic trade

• Also called local trade
• Takes when goods are produced and sold within a country Also takes place between communities
• Examples of domestic trade
  1. Retail trade
  2. Whole sale
  3. Supermarkets

International trade

• Also called foreign or external trade
• Is carried out between countries (trading partners)
• It involves importing and exporting
• Examples of foreign trade include;
  
  1. Bilateral trade
  2. Multilatelateral trade
  3. Regional trade
• Main exports from Eastern Africa are agricultural raw materials e.g.
  1. Tea
  2. Coffee
  3. Pyrethrum
  4. Tobacco
  5. Bananas
  6. Livestock
  7. Livestock products
  8.  Flowers
  9. Minerals
  10. Vegetable
  11. Petroleum
• Main imports into Eastern Africa are manufactured/finished products e.g.
  1. Petroluem
  2. Machinery 
  3. Chemicals
  4. Electronics
  5. Textile products
  6. Paper products
  7. Fertilizers
  8. Iron and steel

Factors Influencing Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Political stability
2. Good means of transport and communication
3. Availability of items/products for saleAvailability of capital
4. Availability of markets
5. Government policies
6. Means of payment or exchange
7. Taxation of goods

Benefits of Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Creation of employment
2. Improvement of transport and transport
3.  Earns foreign exchange
4. Promotes cooperation and understanding
5. Promotes growth of towns(urbanization)
6. Promotes agricultural sector
7. Source of revenue for the government
8. Promotes interaction and exchange of ideas

Problems Facing Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Limited market due to production of similar goods
2. Fluctuation of the price in the market
3. Poor roads and other infrastructures
4. Smuggling of goods and failure to pay taxes
5. Political differences and instability
6. Quota system
7. Preference of imported goods to locally made goods
8. Differences in the value of currencies
9. Exported goods fetches little money compared to the high prices of imported goods

Transport And Communication

Transport

• Transport refers to the movement of people and goods from one place to another

Forms of transport used in Eastern Africa

1. Roads
2. Waterways
3. Airways
4. Railways
5. Pipelines
6. Cables

1. Roads
   • it is the most common form of transport used in Eastern Africa.
   • there are three types of roads
     
     1. tarmac all weather roads
     2. murram roads
     3. dry-weather roads
        
        Major Tarmac Roads in Eastern Africa
        1. The Trans-African Highway that connects Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi
        2. The Great North Road connects Capetown in South Africa and Eastern Africa through Tanzania, Kenya and Sudan
           
           
2. Waterways
   • It is a cheap but a slow form of transport
   • it involves the use of ;
     1. rivers
     2. lakes
     3. oceans
   • waterways are divided into two;
     1. inland waterways
     2. marine waterways
   • inland waterways of Eastern Africa are found in Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi
   • The main ports in Lakes Victoria include:
     1. Kisumu in Kenya
     2. Mwanza in Tanzania
     3. Entebe in Uganda
     4. Singa in Uganda
     5. Bukoba in Tanzania
     6. Musoma in Tanzania
     7. Kampala in Uganda
   • the main ports in Lake Tanganyika are Kigoma and Ujiji.
   • Marine waterways are found in seas and oceans
   • It is mainly used to transport heavy and bulky goods
   • Countries without seaports are called landlocked countries e.g. burundi, rwanda, uganda and ethiopia.
   • The main seaports in Eastern Africa are ;
     1. Mombasa in Kenya
     2. Dar El Salaam in Tanzania
     3. Mogadishu in Somalia
     4. Port Sudan in Sudan
     5. Massawa in Eritrea
        
        
3. Airways
   • Air transport is the quickest but mosy expensive means of transport
   • it is used to transport perishable and precious goods e.g. flowers, fruits, vegetable, jewellery and medical supplies
     
     Main International Airports
     1. Jomo Kenyatta Airport in Nairobi
     2. Moi International Airport in Mombasa
     3. Eldoret International Airport in Eldoret
     4. Mogadishu in Somalia
     5. Khartoum and Port Sudan in Sudan
     6. Entebe in Uganda
     7. Asmara in Eritrea
     8. Djibouti in Djibouti
     9. Bujumbura in Burundi
     10. Kigali in Rwanda
     11. Dar El Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar in Tanzania
     12. Addis Ababa in Ethiopia
         
         
4. Railways
   • all Eastern Africa countries have railways except Somalia
   • most of the railway lines were constructed by the colonial government
   • Main railway lines in Eastern Africa are:
     1. Kenya – Uganda railway
     2. Tanzania – Zambia railway(tazara)
        
        
5. Pipelines
   • pipelines are mainly used to transport liquids and gasses
   • pipelines transport is fast and reliable
   • it reduces road accidents and destruction of roads by oil tankers
   • Kenya, Tanzania and Sudan uses pipeline to transport oil
     
     
6. Cables
   • cables are wires used to transport elecricity
   • the oldest hydro-electric power in Eastern Africa is Owen Falls Dam in Uganda.

Problems Faced in Transport in Eastern Africa

1. Roads and railways are expensive to build and maintai
2. Poor management
3. Competition from other forms of transport
4. Frequent accidents
5. Presence of water weeds e.g.water hyacinth 6. insecurity
6. Traffic jams
7. Theft and vandalism
8. Lack of capital to improve it

Communication

• This is sending and receiving of messages or information form one person or place to another.

Means of Communication

1. print media
   1. newspaper
   2. magazines
   3. journals
   4. books
2. electronic media
   
   1. telephone
   2. radio
   3. television
   4. mobile phones
   5. internet
   6. computers
3. postal services
   
   1. sending of letters and parcels
   2.  use of money orders

points to note

1. The fastest means of communication is the mobile phones
2. The best means of communication to a large group of people at the same time is the radio
3. The most recent form of communication is the use of computers

Problems Facing Communication in Eastern Africa

1. Theft of cables
2. Inadequate funds to modernise communication
3. Poor means of transport
4. Lack of electricity
5. High rate of illiteracy
6. Frequent changes in technology
7. High cost of living
8. Breakdown of communication devices
9. Low population densities hinder expansion of communication

Benefits of Improved Transport and Communication

1. Promotes trade
2. Creation of employment
3. Use of pipes reduces road damage by heavy trucks
4. Facilitate faster exchange of ideas between countries
5. Agricultural goods are transported to the market with ease
6. Promotes tourism
7. Perishable goods are easily transported to the market.

Industries

• Industries are the processes and activities to produce final goods from raw materials
• A factory is a place where raw materials are turned into new and useful products

Types of industries

1. Processing
2. Manufacturing
3. Assembly
4. Service
5. Jua kali/cottage

1. Processing industries

   • Also called primary indutries
   • The produce goods used in other idustries
   • Mostly deals with agricultural products
   • They are the most widespread in Eastern Africa
     
     Examples of processing industries
     1. Coffee and tea processing industries
     2. Baking industries
     3. Wheat and maize milling industries
     4. Meat and milk processing
     5. Sisal processing
        
        

2. Manufacturing industries

   • Also called secondary idustries
   • Relies on some goods from primary industries
   • Some use raw materials directly
     
     Examples of manufacturing industries
     1. Cement making
     2. Oil refineries
     3. Glass making industries
     4. Paper making industries
     5. Medicine making industries
        
        

3. Assembly industries

   • To assemble is to put together
   • It involves putting together items to get a complete item
   • Examples of assembling industries
     1. Motor vehicle assembly
     2. Bicycle assembly
     3. Radio assembly
     4. Television assembly
        
        

4. Service industries

   • They provide services
     
     Examples of service industries
     
     1. Banking
     2. Hotels
     3. Printing and publishing
     4. Transport and communication
     5. Insurance
     6. Any kind of repair
     7. Tourism
        
        

5. Cottage industries

   • Also called jua kali industries
   • Uses the locally available materials
   • Operates in open air
   • Requires little capital to start
     
     Examples
     
     1. Pottery
     2. Wood curving
     3. Weaving
     4. Basketry
     5.  Blacksmithing
     6. Use of waste iron to make pans, pangas, jembes

Importance of industries in Eastern Africa

1. Creates employment
2. Earns foreign exchange
3. Promotes trade
4. Source of revenue to the government
5. Leads to development of infrastructure
6. Leads to urbanization
7. It is a of income
8. Promotes agriculture
9. Improves the peoples living standards
10. Saves countries foreign exchange that would be used to import goods

Problems facing industries

1. Lack of adequate capital for expansion
2. Worker strikes
3. Poor means of transport
4. Political instability
5. Stiff competition from imported goods
6. Inadequate power supply
7. Inadequate raw materials
8. High taxes
9. Unfrindly trade terms
10. Small internal markets

Impacts of industries on the environment

1. Causes pollution
   1. Air polution
   2. Water polution
   3. Noise polution
2. Destruction of land due to poor garbage disposal
3. Destruction of forests
4. Mining industies spoil the beauty of the land
5. Displacement of people
6. Evaluation questions

Wildlife And Tourism

Wildlife

• Refers to all undomesticated plants ,animals,insects and birds in their natural habitats

Game parks

• Reserved for wild animals
• Also called National park
• Managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service
  
  Game parks in Eastern Africa
  

  KENYA	Tsavo east, Tsavo west, Meru, Amboseli Sibiloi , Aberdares, Hells gate ,Marsabit Nairobi, nakuru
  TANZANIA	serengeti, ruaha, tarangire, kilimanjaro, arusha, katavi, udzungwa, mikumi
  UGANDA	bwindi, queen elizabeth, kidepo valley, murchison falls ruwenzori, muhavura, mt.elgon, semilki
  ETHIOPIA	simyen, angudi, omo, awash, ras dashen, goba, gambela
  SUDAN	dinder, juba, nuba mountains

Games reserves

• Reserved for animals [wild]
• Also called National reserves
• Managed by the local council
• Human activities like grazing, cllecting firewood etc are allowed
  
  Game Reserves in Eastern Africa
  

  KENYA	Maasai mara, Samburu, Shimba hills Lake bogoria, Arawale, Kora, Boni, Rahole
  UGANDA	Katonga, Bakora, Matheniko, Kigezo Pian upe, Karuma, Toro
  TANZANIA	Selous, Kigosi, Rungwa, Ngoro ngoro Ugalla, Gremeti
  ETHIOPIA	Harer, Lake Stefania, Mega, Lalibela

Quiz

1. Define the term wildlife
2. The main tourist attraction in eastern africa is
3. Define the following terms
   1. game reserves
   2. game park
4. Name two game reserves in;
   1. Kenya
   2. Uganda
   3. Tanzania
5. Name two game parks in ;
   1. Kenya
   2. Uganda
   3. Tanzania

Wildlife Conservation

• This is taking care and protecting the wildlife.
• Wildlife Conservation Measures include:
  1. establishment of anti poaching unit to stop poaching.
  2. Establishment of bodies to manage wildlife e.g.KWS,UWA and mali hai of tanzania
  3. Educating people on the importance of wildlife
  4. Putting electrical fences om parks
  5. Establishment of parks and reserves
  6. Establishing game sanctuaries to protect the endangered species
  7. Translocation taking animals from populated parks
  8. Establishment of animal orphanages to cater for sick and orphans
  9. Making laws and legislation to conserve wildlife

Main Tourist Attractions in Eastern Africa

1. Wildlife
   • It is the main in eastern africa
   • Includes the big five animals
   • Birds i.e.flamingoes in lake in nakuru and natron
   • Most game parks and reserves are sites
2. Historical sites
   • Olduvai gorge tanzania
   • Fort jesus kenya
   • Kasubi tombs uganda
   • Slave markets
   • Museums
3. Sandy beaches - Along the coast of the indian ocean
4. Warm climate
5. Beautiful sceneries
   • Snow caped mountains
   • Waterfalls
   • Craters
   • Hot spings and geysers lake bogoria
   • Rift valley
6. Cultural heritage
   • Traditional dances
   • Traditional food
   • Mode of dressing
7. Good accomodation and conference facilities
   • Attracts conference tourists e.g.KICC, AU conference center

Benefits of Tourism

1. Earns foreign exchange
2. Creates employment
3. It is a source of income
4. Leads to industrialization
5. Leads to urbanisation
6. Improves people living standards
7. Promotes better international relations
8. Leads to development of infrastructure
9. It is a source of government revenue
10. Promotes agriculture

Problems facing tourism

1. Attack by terrorists
2. Poaching
3. Similarity of wildlife in eastern africa
4. Political instability
5. High taxation
6. Poor roads
7. Poor marketing of tourist destinations
8. Poor accommodation facilities

Urbanization

• This is the growth of urban centers
• Moving from rural areas to towns is called rural – urban migrations
• The main reason for rural – urban migration is to search for employment

Selected towns in Eastern Africa

Mombasa

• Second largest city in kenya
• It ia an island in the indian ocean
• It is one of the oldest town in eastern africa
• It has kilindini harbour the biggest port in eastern africa
• Construction of kenya – uganda railway began in mombasa in 1896

 Functions of Mombasa

1. Industrial center – has many industries
2. Administrative centre – headquarters of mombasa county
3. Commercial centre – has many businesses
4. Residential centre – more than half a million residents
5. Tourist attraction - sandy beaches and historical sites
6. It is a sea port town – kilindini harbour
7. Transport and communcation center – has an international airport
8. Educational centre – schools, colleges and universities
9. Defence centre – headquarters of Kenya Navy

Addis ababa

• Capital city of ethiopia
• Located on the ethoipian plateau
• Headquarters of african unio
• Was the center of ethiopian empire

Functions of Addis Ababa

1. Administrative centre headquarters of AU catital city of ethiopia
2. Industrial centre
3. Agricultural collection centre
4. Transport and communication centre
5. It is an educational centre
6. It is a residential centre
7. It is a recreational centre

Kampala

• Largest town in uganda and the capital city
• It is near L.victoria
• It is built on seven hills
• Got its name from impala gazelles

Functions of Kampala

1. Administrative centre – capital city of uganda
2. Educational centre – many schools
3. Transport and communication centre
4. Industrial centre
5. Residential centre
6. It is a commercial centre and the main distribution point for imports
7. Cultural centre – kasumbi tombs, musuems and kibuli mosque

Jinja

• Second largest town in uganda
• Found in Eastern Uganda
• Found on the shores of Lake Victoria
• It is the main industrial town in uganda
• Its growth was due to construction of HEP

Functions of Jinja

1. Industrial centre – copper smelting industries
2. Transport and communication centre
3.  It is a lake port town
4. It is an agricultural centre
5.  It is a commercial centre
6. It is a tourist centre – owen falls dam
7. It is a residential centre

Dar es salaam

• Dar es salaam means harbour of peace
• Developed by arab traders
• Was the capital city of tanzania until 1972
• It is the main commercial capital of tanzania
• It is the main industrial town in eastern tanzania
• It is an old town along the indian ocean

Functions of Dar-es-Salaam

1. It is the main commercial centre of tanzania
2. It is the main industrial centre
3. It is a main sea port town
4. It is an industrial centre
5. It is a residential centre
6. It is a tourist centre
7. It is an educational centre

Dodoma

• Located in central tanzania
• It is the capital city of tanzania
• It was made a capital city because it is centrally located ✔ Started as a small trading centre

Functions of Dodoma

1. It is the main administrative centre i.e.capital city of tanzania
2. It is a transport and communication centre
3. It is an industrial centre
4. It is a residential centre

Arusha

• Found to the north- east of tanzania
• Second largest town in tanzania
• Started as an agricultural collection centre
• It has the headqurters of EAC
• It has the east africa court of justice

Functions of Arusha

1. Administrative center – headqurters of EAC
2. It is the main tourist town in tanzania i.e. has several game parks and is near kiilimanjaro 3. Commercial centre
3. Transport and communication centre
4. Agricultural collection and distribution centre
5. Residential centre

Problems Facing Urban Centres

1. Unemployment
2. High crime rate
3. Street families
4. Traffic jams
5. Congestion of people
6. Poor planning
7. Inadequate houses
8. Growth and development of slums
9. Pollution
10. Poor garbage disposal
11. Water shortage
12. Overpopulation and inadequate social facilities

Efforts Made to Solve Problems in Urban Areas

1. Decentralization – establishing industries in rural areas
2. Improving living standards in rural areas to curb rural – urban migration 
3. Locating industries in one area away from residential centre to control pollution
4. Rehabilitate street children
5. Provision of dust bins in towns to keep it clean
6. Employing more police officers to ensure security
7. Putting traffic lights to control vehicles
8. Constructing bypasses to ease congestion
9. Constructing good houses to solve the slums problem

• The family
  • Types of families
  • Needs of family members
    • Basic needs
    • Secondary needs
  • Responsibilities of Family Members
  • Responsibilities of Parents
  • Responsibilities of the Children
• The school
  • The school motto
  • The school routine
    • Importances of a school routine
• The clan system
  • Functions of a clan

The family

• Is a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption
• Is the smallest social unit in society

Types of families

1. Nuclear family
2. Extended family
3. Single parent family

1. The nuclear family
   • Is made up of father, mother and children
   • Is the most common type of family
2. Single parent family
   • Is made up of one parent and children
3. Extended family
   • Is made up of nuclear family and their relatives.
   • Father, mother, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces and in-laws.

Needs of family members

• Needs are essential things that human beings require in order to live comfortably They include;
  1. Basic needs
  2. Secondary needs

1. Basic Needs

   
   
   • Are things or requirements one must have for survival
   • They include;
     1. Food
     2. Shelter
     3. Clothing
     4. Clean water
        
        

2. Secondary Needs

   • Are things that human being may require in order to make their live more comfortable
   • They include;
     1. Medical care
     2. Security and protectioniii.
     3. Property or land
     4. Entertainment
     5. Education
     6. Love