Open Source Content Management

• Theory of Human Origin
  • The Mythical Theory
  • The Creation Theory
  • The Evolution Theory 
  • Study of Human Evolution
• Migration
  • Types of  Modern Migration
  • Effects of Migration
• Settlement
  • Settler farming in Kenya
    • Europeans settler farming in Kenya.
    • What the settlers farmers were engaged in?
    • Effects of settler farming in Kenya
  • Settlement Schemes
    • Reasons for the establishment of settlement schemes in Kenya
    • Benefits of settlement schemes
    • Problems facing settlement schemes in Kenya
    • Irrigation Schemes in Kenya 
      • Mwea Tebere Irrigation Schemes
      • Perkerra  Irrigation Schemes
• Horticultural Farming
  • Crops grown in horticulture farming
  • Contribution of horticultural farming to the economy of Kenya
  • Problems facing horticultural farming in Kenya 
  • Horticultural farming in Kenya and in the Netherlands
• Fishing in Kenya
  • Groups of Fishing grounds
  • Comparison of Fish Farming Between Kenya and Japan
• Mining
  • Contribution of minerals to the economy of Kenya
  • Effects of mining on the environment
• Forestry
  • Types of Forests in Kenya
  • Problems Facing Forests in Kenya
  • Effects of Deforestation in Kenya
  • Forestation Conservation Measures in Kenya
• Wildlife And Tourism
  • Importance of wildlife
  • Tourists attraction in Kenya and Switzerland
• Industry
  • Types of Industries
  • Factors influencing location of industries
  • Jua Kali Industries
    • Reasons for Establishment for Juakali Industries in Kenya
    • Benefits of Jua kali Industries
    • Problems Facing Jua Kali Industries
    • Contribution of Industries to The Economy of Kenya

Theories of Human Origin

1. Mythical Theory
2. Theory of Creation
3. Theory of Evolution

1. Mythical theory

   • It is based on folktales told by various communities on how they originated.
     Examples
     1. Luo - Claim to be descendants of their ancestor Ramogi who lived on Ramogi hill.
     2. Kalenjin - Claim to be descendants of the first Orkoiyot ( medicine man) called Miot.
     3. Wagiriama - Claim their ancestors lived at a place called Muyeye in Malindi.They dispersed from Muyeye and formed the nine (9) sub tribes as they migrated.
     4. Agikuyu - Claim to have descended from Gikuyuand Mumbi Who lived at Mukurwe wa Nagathanga.
     5. Baganda - Claim to be descendants of Kintu who lived on Mt Elgon.
        
        

2. The Creation Theory

   • It is based on Religious beliefs.
   • It explains that all human beings and other creatures were created by a super natural creator, God among the Christians and Allah among the Muslims.
     
     

3. The Evolution Theory

   • This is a scientific view which explains that human beings developed slowly ( evolved ) from primitive ape – like creature to what they are today. This view was first suggested by a scientist called Charles Darwin.
   • Archaeology is the study of human evolution.
   • To understand the evolution of man archaeologists study:-
     1. Tools
     2. Plants and animal remains (Fossils) of early creatures.

Study of Human Evolution

• The earliest known human-like creature was called Australopithecus.
• The period between the timeof Homo habillis and the time of Homo Sapiens is referred to as the stone age because the creatures mainly used stone tools.
• These creatures practiced the following activities:-
  1. Hunting and fishing.
  2. Gathering roots and wild berries for food.
  3. Painting and making ornaments.

Note
Stone age is divided into three stages:-

1. Early stoneage.
2. Middle stone age.
3. Late stone age.
   
   

   Stone age man	Where they were found.
   Homo habilis Homo erectus	Olduvai Gorge. Near Lake Turkana. Olorgesaille in Kenya Hadar in Ethiopia North West shores of Lake Turkana Isimilia in Tanzania.
   Homo sapiens	Ngaloba in Tanzania. Eliye springs west of Lake Turkana. Bodo in Ethiopia. Kanjera in Kenya. Omo valley in Ethiopia.

   
   
   

Migration

• Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.
• Migration within a country is called Internal migration.
• Migration from one country to another is known as external migration.

Types of Modern Migration

• The four main types of Migration taking place in Kenya are:-
  
  1. Rural – urban migration.
  2. Urban – Rural migration.
  3. Rural – Rural migration
  4. Urban – Urban migration

1. Rural – Urban migration

   • This is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
     Reason:
     1. Search for employment.
     2. Shortage of farming land in some rural areas.
     3. Opportunity to engage actively in trading activities.
     4. Availability of better recreational facilities and good infrastructure.

2. Urban – Rural migration

   • This is the movement of people from urban centers to rural centers.
     Reasons
     1. Retirement from employment.
     2. Overcrowding and high cost of living.
     3. Difficulties experienced in towns.

3. Rural – Rural migration

   • This is the movement of people from one rural area to another.
   • Note: Most rural – rural migrations are permanent especially in cases of movement to settlement schemes.
     Reasons
     
     1. Resettlement of people displaced by the construction of big dams which form lakes.
     2. Establishment of settlement schemes (irrigation schemes) which attract many people from other densely populated rural areas.
     3. Settlement of landless people by government .
     4. Seasonal migrations by nomadic pastoralists in search of pasture andwater.
     5. Search of employment in large plantations.
     6. Mining activities which may force people to move away from their original homes.
     7. Government actions which may force people to move away from areas where they had settled in order to conserve the environment e.g. Mau water catchment forest.
     8. Political unrest which may cause people to relocate from one place to another (IDPs Internally displaced persons)
     9. Natural disasters e.g Floods which may force people to move temporarily to safer higher grounds.

4. Urban – Urban migrations

   • This is the movement of people from one urban center to another.
   • Note: These migrations occur in a small scale .
     Reasons
     1. Job transfers from one town to another.
     2. Opportunities for business people to expand their businesses in bigger towns.
     3. Religious pilgrimages which may result in people settling down in the towns they visit.

Effects of Migration

Effects on urban areas

1. Unemployment.
2. Increase in crime.
3. Increase in Immorality. Eg. - prostitution, HIV / AIDS and STIs
4. Development of poor housing - slums (shanties)
5. Competition (strains) for social amenities eg. Hospitals , schools etc.
6. Overcrowding
7. Environmental problems e.g. air pollution and water pollution.
8. Increase in labour supply.

Effects on rural areas:

1. Reduced pressure on land.
2. Shortage of labour (negatively affecting agriculture).
3. Improved economic conditions (reduction in production).
4. Reversal of roles.
5. Improved agricultural production (introduction of new farming methods).

NOTE:
Immigration: Is the migration of people from one country into another.
Emigration: Is the migration of people out of a country.

Positive effects of immigration

1. Foreign investments which offer employment opportunities.

Negative effects of immigration

1. Influx of people from war-torn countries encourages the movement of illegal arms into the countries which are used by criminals
2. Refugees in our country affects the environment as they clear forests for firewood.
3. The foreign cultures of these people end up affecting our cultures negatively.

Settlement 

Settler Farming in Kenya

• Europeans settler farming was practiced in the white highlands(crown lands)
  Examples:

 
NB: The colonial government took away large areas of African land and allocated it to the white settlers.

Europeans settler farming in Kenya.

• The European settlers farming took African land.
• They mostly practiced large scale farming.
• They introduced cash crop farming and new livestock breed.
• Their farming methods were mechanized: they used commercial fertilizers and applied pesticides to crops.
• Africans were used as the source of labour on the settlers farms.
• rotation on their farms and divided ranching area into paddocks which helped.
• They practiced crop to control grazing.

What the settlers farmers were engaged in?

1. Mixed farming (growing of crops and keeping of livestocks).
2. Plantation farming (growing crops in a large scale farm). i.e. sisal, tea, coffee, wheat, maize, pyrethrum, cotton, sugarcane.
3. Dairy farming, animal kept were: hare ford, Aberdeen angus, chorales, Galloway.
4. Horticulture.
5. Fruits grown : oranges, limes, lemons, pineapples.
6. Vegetables grown:onions, carrots, tomatoes, legumes,cabbages.
7. Poultry farming-chicken breed kept were; rhode island red, white leghorn light Sussex among others.

Effects of Settler Farming in Kenya

Settlement Schemes

Areas of settlement include:

Sotik,Endebes,Kaptagat,Matunda,Machakos,Lake,Kenyatta,Molo,Ainamoi Kitobo,Naitiri,Cherengany,Songhor/MuhoroniEldama Ravine,Chepsiri etc

Reasons for the establishment of settlement schemes in Kenya

1. To settle the landless people.
2. To ease congestion in the already populated areas.
3. To make land ownership in Kenya fair.
4. To encourage people to practice commercial farming in areas that had been occupied by settler farmers.
5. To increase food production in Kenya.
6. To speed up land ownership in Kenya.
7. To open up areas which had not been settled in.

Benefits of settlement schemes

1. Increased food and cash production in the country.
2. Provision of of land to the landless (squatters)
3. It has reduced congestion on land that had high population densities.
4.  It has helped to raise the living standards of the people.
5. Agricultural exports from various settlement schemes has helped to boost the economy of our country.
6. It has helped to open up the areas that had not be settled in.

Problems facing settlement schemes in Kenya

1. Lack of adequate capital to invest in improved farming practices.
2. Congestion in some parts of the settlement schemes due to population increase.
3. Reduction in the size of land due to land fragmentation.
4. People cut down trees to create room for crop growing and settlement (De-forest ration)
5. Over cultivation in densely populated schemes has led to loss of soil fertility
6. Poor transport network in the settlement schemes.
7. Lack of adequate markets for the farm produce.

Irrigation Schemes in Kenya

Irrigation refers to the application water to crops through artificial means in
order to facilitate their growth.
Example

 
Mwea Tebere Irrigation Schemes

• Established ii 1954. (It is the oldest in the county)
• Mainly started to settle the landless who lost their lands to the white settlers.
• Located in Kirinyaga county.
• It is the largest irrigation scheme in Kenya.
• Main crop grown is Rice.
• Sources of water for irrigation are:- River Nyamindi,River Thiba: Both are tributaries of R. Tana.
• Methods of irrigation used is Basin irrigation which involves flooding the rice plot(rice paddies)
• Canals are used to direct water from the rivers to the shallow basins
• Water flows into the basin through gravitational flow.

Perkerra Irrigation Scheme

• Located in Marigat, Baringo county.
• Mainly started to put more land under cultivation.
• Sources of water include:- River Perkera and Lake Baringo
• Methods of irrigation used isFurrow method.
• Furrows carry water from main canal to the crops which grow on the ridges
  Sluice gates are used to control or regulate the flow of water into the farm.

Contributions of the scheme to the economy

 Problems facing irrigation farming in Kenya

1. Shortage of water during dry season.
2. Siltation of the canals which reduces the amount of water that can flow to them.
3. Late and irregular payments to the farmers from the irrigation board.
4. Presence of weed.
5. Some irrigation schemes are affected by floods during rainy seasons in places like Bunyala.
6. Stagnant water is a health hazard eg. Spread of malariaand bilharzias.
7. Lack of adequate capital.
8. Mismanagement of finances and resources.
9. Some irrigation schemes are far from the market which increases transport costs.
10. Competition from imported, cheap farm produce.
11. Presence of crop diseases and pests.

Horticultural Farming

1. Horticulture - Is the growing of vegetables, fruits and flowers for sale.
2. Viticulture - Growing of fruits only.
3. Floriculture - Growing of flowers only.

Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA) is a body established by the government to promote horticulture (market gardening)

The HCDA :-

1. Advices the farmers.
2. Provides storage facilities.
3. Searches for external marks for products.

Crops grown in horticulture farming

 
 Contribution of horticultural farming to the economy of Kenya

1. Earning of foreign exchange.
2. Creation of employment opportunities.
3. Farmers earn regular income.
4. Development of infrastructure.
5. Availability of food.
6. Crops provide raw materials for fruit and vegetable canning.
7. Better use of land.

Problems facing horticultural farming in Kenya

1. Bad weather.
2. Poor infrastructure.
3. High fees charged to farmers who export their farm produce (high tarrifs)
4. High transport costs.
5. High cost of farm inputs e.g. fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
6. Lack of storage.
7. Restrictions by importance
8. Competition from other producers e.g. Netherlands.
9. Inadequate capital to purchase farm equipment and inputs.
10. Lack of co-operatives.
11. Low export demand
12. Poor marketing.

Horticultural farming in Kenya and Netherlands

Fishing in Kenya

• Fishing is the practice of removing or harvesting fish from water.
• Fishing is a major economic activity for those people living next to rivers , lakes or oceans which have fish.

Major fishing grounds in Kenya
Fishing grounds are places where fish are caught.

Groups of fishing grounds

1. Inland fishing grounds.
2. Marine / sea fishing grounds.

Note:
Inland fishing is also carried out in big rivers such as:-
R. Tana,R.Sondu-Miriu,R. Yala,R.Nzoia,R. Nyando,R.Kuja.

Fish farming is the raring of fish in fish ponds and dams.

Areas where fish farming is carried out.
Sagana,Borabu,Bamburi near Mombasa,Aruba dam,Kiboswa

Types of fish caught

 Problems facing fish farming

1. Presence of predators e.g. snakes, birds, cats.
2. Insufficient supply of water in ponds especially during the dry season.
3. Limited market
4. Presence of unwanted weeds e.g. water hyacinth in L. Victoria.
5. Lack of adequate funds for most farmers.
6. Use of traditional methods of harvesting.
7. Inadequate refrigeration facilities.

Comparison of fish farming between Kenya and Japan

Mining

Mining is the removal (extraction) of a mineral from where it has naturally been formed.

The main minerals in Kenya include

1. Soda ash
2. Gemstones
3. Diatomite
4. Flourspar
5. Sand
6. Salt
7. Limestone
8. Marble

Contribution of minerals to the economy of Kenya

1. Mineral exports earn Kenya foreign exchange.
2. Mining is a source of employment to many people.
3. It has led to the growth of towns e.g. Magadi.
4. It has led to the establishment of industries that use minerals as their raw materials.
5. Availability of minerals saves the country`s foreign exchange that could have been used to import them.
6. Mining has led to the development of social services like schools , hospitals and sports facilities in the mining areas.
7. Mining is a source of revenue to the government since the mining companies pay taxes to the government.
8. It has led to the development of transport links of infrastructure.
9. Mining has led to the improvement of the standards of living of people working in the mines and mineral – related industries.

Effects of mining on the environment

1. Pollution of the environment.
2. Land degradation.
3. Destruction of vegetation during the mining process.
4. Clearing of vegetation during mining leads to soil erosion.
5. Open pits filled with water are a health hazards to people and animals.
6. Release of harmful gases in the air may result to global warming.
7. Walls of mines sometimes collapse and cause accidents to miners.

Forestry

• Forestry is the practice of establishing forests and caring for trees.
• It also involves paper harvesting and good use of trees.

Types of Forests in Kenya

There are two main types of forests found in Kenya. These are:

1. Natural forests.
2. Planted forests.

1. Natural forests

   This are forests which have grown on their own.
   They are divided as follows:
   1. Highland rain forests.
      • They grow in the high rainfall areas e.g.Slopes of mountains, Hills and highlands
        Examples
        Kakamega,Nyambane,Ndare,Kaimosi,Mt.Kenya,Timboroa,Nyandarua,Mau, Malava,Mt.Marsabit,Ngong hills,Mt. Elgon,Ndaragwa.
   2. Lowland rain forest.
      • Found in high rainfall areas of the coast.
        Examples:
        Witu,Jilore,Gongeni,Boni,Arabuko – Sokoke
   3. Mangrove forest
      • They grow in salty waters of the Indian ocean.
      • They grow along the coast in: Kwale,Kilifi,Lamu,Malindi
        
        

2. Planted forest

   • They have been established through efforts of human beings.
   • They are found in high rainfall areas where afforestration programs are being carried out.
   • These forests are found in the following areas:
     1. Slopes of Mt. Kenya around Meru and Embu.
     2. Cherengani hills
     3. Limuru
     4. Elburgon
     5. Timboroa
     6. Molo
     7. Turbo
     8. Slopes of Mt Elgon
     9.  Lari
     10. Njabini
     11. Kaptagat
     12. Londiani
     13. Moi`s bridge
     14. Nandi hills

Types of trees found in planted and natural forests

Problems Facing Forests in Kenya

1. Attacks by pests and diseases which affects their rate of growth.
2. Outbreaks of fires especially during the dry season.
3. Deforestration due to increased demand for land for farming and settlement.
4.  Increased demand for forest product e.g. timber and pulp.
5. Need for charcoal and firewood.
6. Poor reafforestration programs.

Effects of Deforestration in Kenya

Deforestration is the cutting down of forest trees faster than they are replaced
through reafforestration.
Effects

1. Deforestration affects the sources of water leading to reduced water supply.
2. Cutting down of trees leads to spread of the desert.
3. Reduction in forest production.
4. Increase soil erosion.
5. Loss of the species
6. Rural communities are affected since some of them use forest products for their survival.
7. Change in climate.

Forest Conservation Measures in Kenya

Forest conservation is the careful harvesting and good use of trees found in
the forest.

Conservation measures includes:

1. Establishment of tree nurseries.
2. Gazzetement of forest reserves by the government to protect the forests.
3. Organizing and supporting tree planting activities (afforestration).
4. Encouragement by the government for the public to undertake replanting activities.
5. Discouraging the use of charcoal.
6. Growing of trees alongside crops in the farm (Agro-forestry).
7. Informing the public on the importance of trees and the and the need to plant more trees on their farms (awareness campaigns).
8. Establishment of environmental clubs in schools.
9. Banning tree activities.

Wildlife and Tourism

Wildlife refers to plants , birds and animals in their natural environment. (habitat).
Tourism is the travelling to other places of interest for pleasure.

Importance of wildlife

1. Earns the country foreign exchange from tourists who visit the country.
2. Creates jobs for many people who work in game parks, game researves ,and tourist hotels.
3. Leads to economic growth of the areas they are found.
4. Promotes development of local industries e.g. stone and wood curving which are mainly bought by tourists.
5. Wildlife is an important national heritage.

Tourists attraction in Kenya and Switzerland

Similarities between Kenya and Switzerland

1. Both countries have beautiful sceneries.
2. Both countries have a rich cultural heritage which is a major tourist attraction.
3. Both have good accommodation facilities for the tourists e.g. hotels.
4. Both countries enjoy relative peace.
5. Both countries have game parks.

Differences between Kenya and Switzerland

1. Wildlife is the main tourist attraction in Kenya while Beautiful scenery is the main tourist attraction in Switzerland.
2. Tourists are attracted by the warm climate ion Kenya while in Switzerland tourists are attracted by the summer and winter seasons.
3. Transport and communication is highly developed in Switzerland and thus attracts tourists. In Kenya, The transport and communication is NOT highly developed.

Industries

An industry is a place where raw materials are changed from one form to another ,processed and assembled.

Types of industries

1. Processing industries.
2. Manufacturing industry
3. Assembly industries
4. Service industries.

1. Processing industries
   
   • They are also called primary industries.
   • Involved in the first stage of changing raw materials from one form to another.
   • Examples in Kenya : Maize, milk, fish processing etc.
2. Manufacturing industries
   
   • They are also known as Secondary industries.
   • They use raw materials to make final products.
   • Examples:
     1. Sugar from a processing industry taken to another factory to make sweets, bread or soft drinks.
     2. Steel rolling milk
     3. Glass making industry
     4. Insecticide industry
     5. Medicine making
     6. Cement factories
     7. Textile industry
     8. Shoe factories
     9. Oil refineries.
3. Assembly industries
   
   • They are also known as secondary industry.
   • They put together parts that have been produced elsewhere to make new products.
   • Examples include:-
     1. Vehicles
     2. Radios
     3. Bicycles
     4. Televisions etc.
4. Service industry
   
   • They are also known as tertiary industries.
   • They provide services that other people and other industries need.
   • Examples includes:
     1. Transport and communication.
     2. Banking
     3. Insurance
     4. Repair work
     5. Printing etc.

Factors Influencing Location of Industries

1. Availability of raw materials.
2. Availability of capital(money to start a business).
3. Availability of good means of transport and communication.
4. Availability of power (electricity).
5. Availability of regular water supply.
6. Availability of ready market.
7. Government policy of location of industry.
8. Availability of land.
9. Personal consideration.
10. Security.
11. Presence of other industries.

Jua Kali Industries

• These industries are also known as cottage or fabrication industries
• It involves making simple items in the open air or under simple shade.
• They use scrap metals to fabricate different types of cheap products.
•  Items made include:
  
  1. Jikos
  2. Jembes
  3. Pans
  4.  Wheelbarrows.
  5. Boxes etc.

Reasons for establishment for Juakali industries in Kenya

1. To create self employment opportunities.
2. Products from Jua kali industries are cheap as compared to those made in manufacturing industries.
3. The sale of the jua kali products earns the people income
   Jua kali industries require little space to house workers.
4. Some Jua kali industries do not require electricity.
5. ua kali industries help in cleaning up the environment as they use heap of scrap metals.

Benefits of Jua kali industries

1. Creation of employment opportunities.
2. Use of waste iron materials helps in recycling wastes.
3. They produce many goods that are widely used in homes and schools.
4. Jua kali products are cheap and long lasting.
5. Jua kali helps in improving the living standards of people working in the Jua kali industry (sector)
6. Jua kali is foreign exchange earner.
7. The use of recycled materials helps in controlling environmental pollution.
8. Jua kali reduces rural – urban migration as youths in the rural areas get employment in their rural areas.

Problems Facing Jua Kali Industries

1. Inadequate space: This leads to interruption of their work.
2. Competition from manufactured goods.
3. Inadequate capital (cash to start and maintain the business)
4. High cost of raw materials.
5. Poor working conditions.
6. Inadequate supply of water and electricity.
7. Limited market for the products.

Contribution of Industries to The Economy of Kenya

1. Creation of jobs(employment opportunities)
2. Earning of income by the people.
3. Earning of foreign exchange.
   Making use of local resources(raw materials)
4. Saving on foreign exchange.
5. Making it possible to have increased trade locally and with other countries.
6. Promotion of agriculture due to increased demand of raw materials.
7. Availability of goods.
8. Growth of urban centers.
9. Development of infrastructure e.g. roads.
10. Increased skills by the people employed in industries.
11. Encourages countries to join regional blocks.This enhances internationalrelations.
12. Self sufficiency.

• Physical Environment
  
  • Types of Environment
• Map Reading And Intepretation
  • Elements of a Map
    • Use of Elements of a Map
  • Map Reading
  • Features That Can Be Interpreted From a Map
    • Human Activities Commonly Found in a Map
    • Features on a Map That Represents Administration
    • Features That Show Drainage Systems on a Map
  • Human Settlement on the Map
    • Types of Settlement
  • How to Identify Functions of a Town on a Map
• Physical Features
  • Effects of Physical Features of Human Activities
  • Negative Effects of Physical Features
• Climate
  • Traditional Methods of Observing Weather
  • Observation, Measurement and Recording of Weather Elements
    • Wind
    • Air Pressure
    • Rainfall
    • Temperature
  • Factors Influencing Climate Change
  • Impact of Climate Change on Human Activities
• Soil
  • Major soil types in Kenya
  • Characters of types of soil
    • Volcanic Soil
    • Clay(Black Cotton) Soil
    • Sandy Soil
    • Loamy Soil
    • Alluvial(Young) Soil
  • Major causes of soil erosion
  • Effects of Soil Erosion on Human Activities
  • Soil Conservation Measures

Physical Environment

What is Environment?

The things around us or in our surrounding make up the environment.
Examples

1. Trees
2. Animals
3. Water etc.
4. Grass
5. Rivers
6. Buildings
7. Birds

Types of Environment

1. Natural environment
   These were things that were made by God. E.g Mountains ,Lakes, Rivers, Vegetation etc.
2. Human environment
   These are things made through man`s efforts e.g Dams, buildings, roads, etc.
3. Physical environment
   The non – living part of the environment which consists of Soils, air, rocks, water, hills, mountains, rivers and lakes form the physical environment.

Map Reading And Interpretation.

A map is a drawing on a flat surface that represents a whole part of the earth.

Elements of a Map

Elements of a map helps a reader to understand the information on a given
map.
The main element of a map are:

1. Title
2. Key
3. Compress
4. Frame
5. Scales

Uses of Elements of a Map

Map Reading

This is the ability to read, understand, and interpret information given on a
map.
Symbols of a map contained in the key should be fully understood and
interpreted correctly.

Features That Can be Interpreted From a Map

1. Relief and drainage patterns in the area.
2. Human and economic activities in the area.
3. Types of climate experienced in the area.
4. Transport facilities in the area.
5. Vegetation found in the area.
6. Human settlement pattern in the area.
7. Administrative boundaries in the area.
8. Social activities (services) found in the area.

Human Activities Commonly Found in a Map

Economic activities are the objectives that people carry out in order to get
income (money).
Examples

Social Activities on a Map

1. Religious activities : Churches, mosques, temples, shrines.
2. Medical services : Clinics, dispensaries, health centers, district hospital, provincial hospitals and National hospitals.
3. Education: Schools, colleges, polytechnics, universities.
4. Recreation : Cinema halls, Social halls, play grounds, theatres.

Features on a Map That Represents Administration

1. Government offices e.g. Assistant chief`s offices or chief`s camp.
2. Police post.
3. Administrative boundaries.

Features That Show Drainage Systems on a Map

Human Settlement on the Map

Settlement is the pattern of population distribution in an area shown by dots and black shades.

Types of Settlement

How to Identify the Functions of a Town on a Map

Physical Features

These are things we see on the surface of the earth. They include natural physical features and man-made(human)

Natural features: Mountains, plateaus, hills, plains, valleys, rivers, lakes, etc.

Man-made: dams, lakes etc.

The Effects of Physical Features on Human Activities

Negative Effects of Physical Features

1. Flooding.
2. Water borne diseases e.g. Malaria and Bilharzia.

Climate

Traditional Methods of Observing Weather

1. Observing the sky
   • Thick grey clouds: rain.
   • Certain stars arranged in a particular manner: dry spell.
2. Phases of the moon
   • New moon: rain.
   • Full moon: It would rarely rain.
3. Appearance of the rainbow
   • Some communities believed that it would not rain if the rainbow appears in the sky when it was about to ran
4. Condition of the environment
   • Very hot and humid: Coming of the rain.
5. Blowing of wind
   • Strong winds blowing after a dry weather: Showed the coming of the rains
   • Wind blowing during the rainy season: Meant chasing away of the rain to give way to a dry spell.
6. Behavior of birds:
   • Happy and playful birds in the sky would signify the coming of rains.
7. Trail of ants: Signified the coming of rains.
8. Croaking of frogs: Signified the coming of the rain.
9. Appearance of toads: Signified the coming of the rains.
10. Behavior of cattle: Coming of the rains(showing happiness by jumping up and down)
11. Shedding of leaves after a rainy season: This Signified a dry spell.

Observation, Measurement and Recording of Weather Elements

What is meteorology?

It is the science of observing and measuring weather elements.

1. Wind

   
   
   
   
   

2. Air Pressure

   
   
   
   

3. Rainfall

   
   
   The raingauge is dug into the ground as shown above.
   
   

4. Temperature

   
   
   1. Minimum and maximum thermometer
      
      
      Used to measure temperature for the day.
      It is U-shaped.
      Minimum records coldest temperature.
      Maximum records warmest temperatures.
      
      
   2. Single-tube thermometer
      
      
      Used to measure coldness and / or hotness of the air.
      It is marked in o Celsius.
      It may contain alcohol or mercury.

Factors Influencing Climate Change

Climate change is the occurrence of unexpected change of climatic condition in a particular region. The main factors influencing climate change include:-

1. Deforestation
   Cutting down of trees leads to reduced amount of rainfall.
   It creates desert – like conditions in the areas previously occupied by forests.
   It contributes to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
   
   
2. Afforestration and re-afforestration
   Planting of more trees will increase the amount of rainfall.
   Both afforestration and re-afforestration reduce soil erosion and evaporation, hence protecting water catchment areas.
   
   
3. Industrialization
   Heat and smoke from industries cause pollution and increase temperature in the atmosphere.
   
   
4. Excess use of chemicals
   Such as fertilizers causes atmospheric change due to the gasses they produce.
   The growing of rice under irrigation contributes to warming of the atmosphere. The rice in water release a gas known as methane, which
   contributes to global warming. The same applies to the use of fertilizers.
   Global warming is also caused by the use of petroleum to run vehicles .Machines give off a gas known as carbon monoxide, which makes
   the air warmer.
   
   
5. Clearing of vegetation for agriculture
   This exposes the soil to agents of soil erosion.
   
   
6. Building of dams
   Human-made lakes which form behind the dam modify the climate.
   
   
7. Ocean currents
   These leads to temperature change along the coastal areas.

Impact of Climate Change on Human Activities

Positive effects

1. Increase in food production due to increased amount of rainfall
2. Increased generation of hidro-electric power due to high rainfall.
3. Promotion of fishing due to adequate water in rivers.

Negative effects

1. Low agricultural production due to lack of rains.
2. Displacement of people due to floods.
3. Global warming as a result of general increase in temperature worldwide.
4. Increase of water-borne diseases such as malaria and bilharzias due to increased rains.
5. Damage of transport systems e.g. roads.
6. Migration of people migration of people to favourable climate.
7. Death of human beings.

Soil

Soil is formed through a process called weathering. Soil contains:

1. Organic matter
2. Rock particles
3. Humus
4. Air
5. Minerals
6. Water
7. Living organisms

Major Soil Types in Kenya

1. Volcanic soils.
2. Clay (black cotton) soil.
3. Sandy soil.
4. Loamy soil.
5. Alluvial (young) soil.

Characteristics of Types of Soil

Volcanic Soil

1. Red in colour.
2. Deep fertile and well-drained.
3. Occur in layers.
4. Medium – sized soil particles.
5. Mainly found in the highlands.

Clay( Black Cotton) Soil

1. Small – sized particles.
2. Dark in colour
3. Deep and fertile
4. Poorly drained.
5. Muddy and sticky during the rainy season.
6. Big cracks during dry seasons.

Sandy Soil

1. Large soil particles.
2. Shallow and dry.
3. Contains a lot of air.
4. Water seeps through them fast.
5. Low water retention capacity.
6. Loose nutrients mainly through leaching.

Loamy Soil

1. It has a mixture of small, medium and large soil particles.
2. It retains a reasonable amount of water fertile, deep and well drained.
3. Appears in different colours e.g. light grey, dark brown and dark grey.

Alluvial (Young) Soil

1. They are found in river valleys and flood plains.
2. They are made of slits.
3. Soil particles are of medium size.
4. Have a smooth texture.
5. They are deep and fertile.

Major Causes of Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is the natural displacement of soil from the original place of formation to another by agents of erosion like wind, water and human beings.

The major causes of soil erosion are as follows:

1. Deforestation- Cutting down of trees which exposes the soil to agents of soil erosion.
2. Overstocking- Keeping large herds of livestock beyond the capacity of land leading to overgrazing
3. Overgrazing-Livestock grazing on all pasture (vegetation) leaving the ground bare.
4. Monocropping-Growing of one type of crop on the same peace of land year after year exhausts soil fertility.
5. Over-cropping-Growing of many different types of crops which compete for nutrients. The soil finally becomes loose and infertile
6. Up-the-slope (hill) cultivation-This promotes gulley erosion.
7. Mining and quarrying-Results to displacement of soil.

Effects of Soil Erosion on Human Activities

1. Destocking (reducing the number of livestock on the farm)
2. Application of fertilizers to the soil in order to increase its fertility.
3. Introduction of afforestration and re-afforestrationprogrammes
4. Promotion of agriculture in the flood plain where fertile soil (alluvial) is deposited.
5. Adoption of good farming methods to reduce soil erosion.
6. Additional expense to the government in building dams, dykes and canals.

Soil Conservation Measures

1. Afforestration :
   Planting of trees.
2. Re- afforestration:
   Planting of trees where they had been cut down.
3. Agro-forestry:
   Planting of trees together with crops.
4. Crop rotation:-
   Growing of different crops on the same peace of land in alternate planting seasons.
5. Mulching: The covering of the bare ground with grass to prevent moisture loss.
6. Cover cropping:
   Planting of perennial crops like coffee and bananas together with food crops likepotatoes, beans and maize.
7. Construction of gabions:
   Pilling up of stones in iron cages to prevent further movement of soil downhill.
8. Terracing:
   Making of horizontal steps on sides of hilly areas.
9. Fallowing:
   Leaving the land idle for some time in order to retain its fertility.
10. Creation of cut-off- drainage:
    This is the digging of trenches to divert water from hill tops
11. Controlled grazing:
    This is done by subdividing land into paddocks.
12. Use of fertilizers and manure:
    This helps the soil to regain its fertility.
13. Contour ploughing:
    This is ploughing of farm across the land guarded by the contours.

STANDARD 8, END OF TERM 1
SOCIAL STUDIES AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
NAME....................................................SCHOOL...............................

SOCIAL STUDIES

Study the map of TINDI area and wse it to answer questions 1 to 7.

1. What is the approximate length of the tarmac road in Tindi area?
   1. 16 km
   2. 18 km
   3. 20 km
   4. 10 Km
2. Human settlement in Tindi area is MAINLY influenced by
   1. drainage
   2. economic activities
   3. transport and communication
   4. pests and diseases
3. The MAIN source water in Tindi area is
   
   1. Rivers Tindi and Kali
   2. the dam across River Tindi
   3. the borcholes
   4. water pans
4. Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE about Tindi town? It is
   1. a religious centre
   2. a tourist attraction centre
   3. an administration centre
   4. an agricultural collection centre
5. The MAIN economic activity carried out in Tindi area is
   1. pastoralism
   2. fishing
   3. trading D
   4. mining
6. The climate experienced in MOST parts of Tindi area is LIKELY to be
   1. hot and dry
   2. hot and wet
   3. cool and wel
   4. cool and dry
7. The MOST widespread means of transport in Tindi area is
   1. waterways
   2. air 
   3. road 
   4. railway
8. The MAIN factor that contributed to the rise of the kingdom of old Ghana was
   1. the strong Soninke army
   2. favoured climate that supported agriculture.
   3. mining activities especially walata mines.
   4. the Trans-saharan trade
9. Which one of the following is LIKELY to be the least importance of marriage?
   1. Marriage helps to control the spread of HIV and AIDS.
   2. Marriage cnhanccs unity and cooperation in the society
   3. It provides an opportunity to have children and raise a family
   4. It encourages the development of a sense of responsibility in the society.
10. The original homeland of the cushites was
    1. Congo forest 
    2. Horn of Africa
    3. Bahr el Ghazal
    4. Pupungu pakwach
11. Below are descriptions of an early visitor to Eastern Africa
    He was Her majesty's consul for the East coast of Africa.
    He navigared the Ruvuma River at the border of Tanzania and Mozambique
    He met Herry Stanley in 1877 iv.
    He died in Eastern Africa.
    The early visitor to Eastern Africa described above is LIKELY to be
    1. John Speke
    2. Henry Morton Stanley
    3. David Livingstone
    4. William Mackinnon
12. Which one of the following plateaus is WRONGLY matched with the country where it is found?
    1. Jos Plateau - Nigeria
    2. Bie Plateau - Angola
    3. Yatta plateau - Kenya
    4. Fouta Djallon - Mauritania
13. Which one of the following groups of communities belong to the Bantus of South Africa?
    1. Tsonga, Venda and Bakwena
    2. Bakongo, Balunda and Baluba
    3. Xhosa, Zulu and Sukuma
    4. Yao, Akamba and Nyamwezi
14. Which one of the following is NOT a basic need?
    1. A home
    2. Drinking water 
    3. Food
    4. Education
15. Three of the following statements are TRUE about slash and burn agriculture. Which one is NOT?
    1. Land was used over and over again until it lost its fertility.
    2. Farmers practised crop rotation instead of plot rotation.
    3. It was a form of subsistence farming.
    4. Neighbours mostly produced the same types of crops.
16. Which one of the following is a traditional industry?
    1. Bicycle assembling
    2. Iron smelting
    3. Maize milling
    4. The stock market
17. Central Nigeria and Southern Tanzania had reduced population before the 20th century MAINLY due to
    1. poor drainage
    2. slave trade 
    3. posts like tsc tsc flics
    4. unfavourable climate
18. In order to communicate information to people over very long distances among traditional African communities in the past MAINLY people had to
    1. blow horns
    2. beat drums
    3. send messenger
    4. send smoke signals
19. The BEST way of teaching a child to becomea traditional healer in the past was through
    1. observation and imitation
    2. story-telling
    3. apprenticeship
    4. medical colleges
20. Three of the following statements are TRUE about Masaku of the Akamba. Which one is NOT? He
    1. was a great medicineman and a prophet.
    2. traded with Arabs and Coastal people.
    3. advised the Akamba to avoid forcigners.
    4. collaborated with the british colonialists.
21. The Great rift valley was formed as a result of
    1. faulting and sinking
    2. volcanic activities.
    3. folding of sedimentary rocks
    4. faulting and uprifting.

Use the diagram shown below to answer question 22

22. The weather instrument shown above is referred to as
    1. mercury barometer
    2. A hygrometer
    3. An anemometer
    4. An ancroid barometer
23. Which one of the following leads to lawlessness in the society
    1. security
    2. poverty
    3. job creation opportunities
    4. general elections
24. Most people migrate into towns MAINLY due to
    1. availability of jobs in rural arcas
    2. better learning institutions in towns.
    3. lack of industries in rural areas.
    4. shortage of land in rural areas.

Use the map of Eastern Africa provided below to answer questions 25 to 28.

25. The country marked Z is
    
    1. Uganda
    2. Burundi
    3. Djibouti
    4. Rwanda
26. Three of the following communities are found in the country marked M. Which one is NOT?
    1. Amharas
    2. Oromo
    3. Falasha
    4. Sabaot
27. The river marked K is likely to be
    1. Juba
    2. Shebelle
    3. White Nile
    4. Tana
28. The MAIN crop that is grown in the area marked vvvvv is
    1. sugarcane
    2. maize
    3. bananas
    4. coffee
29. Below are different types of fish
    Barracuda
    Herring
    Trout
    Mullet
    Tuna
    Which combination shows fresh water fish only?
    1. i and ii
    2. i and v 
    3. iv and v 
    4. ii and iii
30. The following are characteristics of a vegetation zone in Africa.
    Trees have thorn and smooth barks
    Trees shed leaves at different times of the year
    Trees are tall and have a thick base.
    Most of the plants have shallow roots.
    The vegetation zone with the charateristic listed above is LIKELY to be
    1. Tropical rainforest
    2. Tropical savannah
    3. Mediterran vegetation
    4. Mangrove vegetation
31. Which one of the following is TRUE about wheat growing in Kenya?
    1. Wheat is mainly grown in Nakuru, Eldoret and Laikipia
    2. Kenya does not export wheat since she does not produce alot.
    3. Kenyan wheat is harvested using combined harvesters.
    4. In Kenya, the crop is grown on large scale and small scale.
32. Three of the following minerals are obtained using the open-cast method. Which one is NOT?
    1. Soda ash
    2. Limestone 
    3. Flourspar
    4. Diatomite
33. In order to improve livestock breeds, beef farmers in Kenya and Tanzania are encouraged to practise
    1. group ranching
    2. overstocking
    3. in-breeding
    4. cross-breeding
34. Which one of the following is NOT a contribution of the community in school development?
    1. Allowing the school to use its facilities such as fields
    2. Employing teachers to offer serveices to the school community.
    3. Feeding the school with learners and support staff.
    4. Providing resource persons to offer services to the school community. .
35. What makes Nairobi which is near the equator cooler than Malindi which is far away from the Equator?
    1. Malindi has more industries than Nairobi
    2. Malindi receives convectional rainfall while Nairobi receives relief rainfall.
    3. Differences in altitude.
    4. Shape of the Kenyan coastline.
36. Which one of the following is a similarity in the systems of government in both Kenya and Swiziland? In both countries
    1. civil servant implement government policies.
    2. political parties nominate members of parliament.
    3. the position of the commander-in-chief of the armed forces is hereditary.
    4. general elections are held after five years.
37. River Ewaso Nyiro North drains its water in the
    1. Lake Turkana
    2. Indian Ocean
    3. Lake Victoria
    4. Lorian swamp
38. Below were traditional methods of observing weather
    A clear sky with many stars at night.
    Appearance of flocks of sparrows in the sky
    Presence of a full moon,
    Sudden onset of high temperatures especially at night.
    Smell of moist soil in the air. Which one of the following combinations showed the approach of rains?
    1. ii, iv, v
    2. iii, iv, v
    3. i, ii, iv
    4. i, ii,
39. Three of the following are methods of soil conservation. Which one is NOT?
    1. contour ploughing
    2. fallowin
    3. cultivating on steep slopes
    4. practising agroforestry in farms
40. Ndeti, a standard eight boy on his way from school found two boys fighting. What action should he have taken?
    1. Report them at police station
    2. Call out for help from adults
    3. Mind his own business
    4. Separate the two boys.
41. Three of the following are theories of human origin. Which one is NOT?
    1. Creation theory
    2. Evolution theory
    3. Mythical theory 
    4. Kinetic theory
42. Mwangi and Opiyo, two pupils at Masomo primary school learnt that their classmate, Mbaya has HIV and AIDS. What should they do about it?
    1. Tell all their classmates about Mbaya's condition
    2. Advise Mbaya to seck medical advice.
    3. Laugh at Mbaya
    4. Pray for Mbaya.
43. The MOST effective way of protecting children from abuse is
    1. giving stiff punishments to child abusers
    2. educating the public on the right of children.
    3. providing counselling services to victims of abuse.
    4. Educating all children on their rights.
44. The MAIN problem facing tourism in Kenya
    1. insecurity and terrorism
    2. culture clash
    3. poor infrastructur
    4. inadequate tourism facilities
45. Which one of the following is NOT a problem facing the last Alan Community (LAC)?
    1. Ideological dillerences
    2. Lack of political will
    3. War in Sudan
    4. Labour disputes
46. Below are contributions of prominent leader in Africa.
    He abolished Sharia courts
    He carried our land reforms
    He nationalised the ownership of the Suez Canal
    He was a founder member of the organisation of African Unity (OAU)
    The contributions listed above were done by
    1. Kwame Nkurumah
    2. Leopold Scdar Senghor
    3. Gamal Abdel Nasser
    4. Nelson Mandela
47. Below are descriptions of a multi-purpose river project in Africa.
    It is located at a gorge it.
    It has the largest artificial lake in the world by water volume
    It was completed in 1977
    It was mainly constructed to provide hydo-electric power
    The multi-purpose river project described above is LIKELY to be
    1. "The volta River Scheme
    2. The Tana River River Projects
    3. Kariba Dam Project
    4. The Aswan High Dan
48. Which system of administration did the British use in Northern Nigeri?
    1. Direct rule
    2. Indirect rule
    3. Assimilation 
    4. Paternalism
49. Horticultural produce in Kenya is transported to overseas markets through
    1. air
    2. roads
    3. the sea
    4. railways
50. Who among the following are NOT members of the National Assembly in Kenya?
    1. 290 members elected directly during general elections.
    2. 12 members nominated by political parties.
    3. The speaker, who is an ex-officio member
    4. 16 women nominated by political parties.
51. Which one of the following is a social right according to the Kenyan constitution?
    1. Right to work for a fair wage.
    2. Right to join a trade union 
    3. Right to vote.
    4. Right to health care
52. Ole Supeyo and Ole Kaelo are fighting over grazing land. The BEST way to resolve their conflict is through
    1. negotiation
    2. dialogue
    3. a mediator
    4. a court process
53. A child of five years who is found in Kenya and whose parents are not known is taken to be a citizen by
    1. birth
    2. naturalisation
    3. registration
    4. dual-citizenship
54. The MAIN factor that undermines national unity in Kenya is
    1. corruption
    2. religious differences
    3. tribalism
    4. unequal distribution of national resources
55. Chief Mkwawa of the Hehe was defeated by the Germans MAINLY because
    1. the Germans were more organised than the Hehe people.
    2. the Hehe warriors were brave.
    3. the Germans had superior weapons.
    4. the Germany soldiers were more than the Hehe warriors.
56. Which one of the following aspects of our culture need to be preserved?
    1. Wife inheritance
    2. Cultural heritage
    3. Female Genital Mutilation
    4. Cattle rustling
57. The MAIN problem facing regional trade in Africa is
    1. political differences
    2. similarity of goods produced
    3. poor transport systems
    4. Quota system
58. Mr.Lumumba, the Social studies teacher at Bidii primary school has found three pupils taking alcohol outside the school. The BEST thing that he should do is
    1. advise the people on dangers of alcohol abuse.
    2. beat the pupils immediately.
    3. report the matter to the headteacher.
    4. embarass the pupils in the presence of their schoolmates
59. The MAIN duty of the police in Kenya is to
    1. arrest law breaker
    2. ensure safety on Kenyan roads
    3. interpret the law.
    4. maintain law and order.
60. The highest court in Kenya is the
    1. High court
    2. Court of Appeal
    3. Supreme court
    4. Kadhi's court

PART II: RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

61. Which one of the following statements DOES NOT shows that human beings are special compared to other God's creation? Human beings:
    1. were created in God's likeness and image.
    2. named all animals and plants.
    3. were put in the garden of Eden.
    4. have dominion and power over God's creation.
62. Which one of the following was the MAIN result of man's disobedience? Human beings
    1. A. were cursed by God.
    2. started dying.
    3. were made to work and sweat.
    4. were chased out of the garden of Eden. 
63. Which one of the following is the MAIN reason why Abraham is referred to as the father of faith? He
    1. was an old wise man.
    2. loved his son Isaac.
    3. lived with a barren wife.
    4. obeyed God.
64. Which one of the following was the sign of the covenant made between Noah and God?
    1. Circumsion
    2. Cloud
    3. Rainbow
    4. Blood 
65. God asked Moses to apppoint Ohaliab and Bezalel to help him in the building of covenant box. Which one of the following abilities did he lack?
    1. Healing
    2. Weaving
    3. Embroidery
    4. Engraving
66. The MAIN reason why God called Moses was to?
    1. Perform miracles before Pharaoh.
    2. Lead Israelites out of their suffering.
    3. Teach the Israelites about God.
    4. Choose the person who was to lead the Israelites.
67. Which one of the following actions was carried out by Moses at Mt. Sinai?
    1. Getting water from the stone.
    2. Building an alter 
    3. Feeding people with manna
    4. Performing miracles.
68. According to Judges 7:20. Which one of the following was NOT given to Gideons army?
    1. Trumpet
    2. Torch
    3. Sword
    4. Jar
69. "You are coming against me with sword, spear and Javelin but I came against you in the name of God Almighty "I Samuel 17:45". These words from David shows that he;
    1. had a lot of faith
    2. had a lot of strength
    3. was very powerful
    4. was ready to fight for the weak.
70. All the following were done by Angel Gabriel EXCEPT? He
    1. appeared to Joseph in a dream.
    2. predicted the birth of Jesus.
    3. said Jesus would save mankind.
    4. announced the birth of Jesus.
71. The following were presents given to baby Jesus by the wiseman. Which one is NOT?
    1. Gold
    2. Silver
    3. Myrrh
    4. Frankincense
72. Which one of the following is the MAIN reason why King Herod wanted to kill baby Jesus?
    1. Jesus was born from a poor family.
    2. Jesus was born from the lineage of David.
    3. Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judah.
    4. He feared that Jesus would become famous.
73. By feeding five thousand people, Jesus showed one of the following character. Which one was it? He
    1. is powerful. 
    2. is caring.
    3. is generous.
    4. had faith.
74. "Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God. Matthew 5:8". These words were spoken by Jesus during?
    1. The sermon on the mount
    2. His temptation by the devil
    3. His transfiguration
    4. The miraculous catch of fish 
75. During the last supper Jesus took bread and broke it and shared with his disciples. The same way he took a cup of wine and gave it to his disciples. What did the bread symbolize? His
    1. body
    2. blood
    3. love
    4. saving power
76. From the incident that Jesus shared a meal with Zacheus the tax collector, christians leam that they should
    1. condemn sinners.
    2. win sinnners through their deeds.
    3. not associate with sinners.
    4. deal with sinners carefully. 
77. Which one of the following events took place when Jesus was at the garden of Gethsemane? He was
    1. lifted up to heaven.
    2. crucified.
    3. transfigured
    4. arrested. 7
78. Who among the following people helped Jesus to carry the cross?
    1. Joseph of Arimathea
    2. Simon Peter
    3. Simon of Cyrene
    4. Nicodemus 
79. Jesus is a sure hope of mankind. Which one of the following events marks his victory over death?
    1. Christmas
    2. Easter
    3. Pentecost
    4. Transfiguration
80. Who among the following people was chosen to prepare Judas as an apostle of Christ?
    1. Mathias
    2. Barnabas
    3. Simon of Cyrene
    4. Nicodemus
81. The early church prayed together, shared meals, shared their properties and shared the word of God together. All these activities symbolised?
    1. Charistimatic renewal
    2. The passover
    3. The holy communion
    4. The pentecost
82. "Whatever you do, work heartily as serving the lord and not men". Colossians 3:23. Who among the following people said these words?
    1. James
    2. Peter
    3. Jesus
    4. Paul
83.  Which one of the following was NOT a rite of passage in African traditional communities?
    1. Birth
    2. Marriage
    3. Baptism
    4. Death
84. Which one of the following ways of worship is common to both the traditional African communities?
    1. Reciting prayers
    2. Making sacrifices
    3. Reading scriptures
    4. Baptising the believers
85. Which one of the following is the MAIN role of grandparents in the bring up of children in traditional African communities? 
    1. Providing food for the children.
    2. Preparing them for initiation.
    3. unishing the evil doers
    4. Passing on the moral values. 8
86. Wachira attended a crusade where the preacher prayed for a sick woman and she got well. Which one of the following gifts of the holy spirit did the preacher have?
    1. Word of wisdom
    2. Healing
    3. Preaching 
    4. Praying
87. The following are good ways in which we can use our talents. Which one is NOT?
    1. Participating in cleaning of the market
    2. Offering guidance and counselling.
    3. Participating in choir practice.
    4. Asking for money after rendering help.
88. Erick a class eight boy is forced by his friends to smoke cigarettes. As a christian, what is the BEST action for him to take?
    1. Report the matter at the police station.
    2. Refuse and change his company. C
    3. Report his friends to the headteacher.
    4. Smoke and then repent later.
89. On her way from school, Damaris a class eight girl meets an old lady carrying a heavy basket. Suddenly the old lady falls down. As a christian, what is the BEST action for Damaris to take?
    1. Run away from the scene.
    2. Go back to school and get help.
    3. Assist her to rise up.
    4. Tell her to rise up and go.
    5. In which one of the following stations was the first church established in Kenya?
    6. Kiambu
    7. Kisumu 
    8. Malindi
    9. Rabai

ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

61. "Min Sharti Maakhalaq. Wa min Sharri ghaasigin Idhaa waqaba." This are verses from Surah
    1. Al-Falaq
    2. Al-Nasr
    3. Al-Kafirun
    4. Al-Masad
62. What did AbuLahab do in the Surah Al Lahab, that made Allah (s.w) to curse him? He
    1. persecuted the early muslim converts
    2. attempted to demolish the holy kaaba
    3. openly called people into idol worship
    4. stopped the prophet from Da'awa.
63. Surah Maun, promises a heavy punishment for people who commit all the following vices EXCEPT
    1. mistreatment of orphans
    2. performing prayers only to be seen by people.
    3. selling good with unjust measures.
    4. performing Swalats as you skip.
64. Which one of the following characteristics describe Surah Al-Ikhlas?
    1. Al-Thuluithil Qur'an
    2. Al-Qalbul Qur'an
    3. Al-Fat-hul Our an
    4. Al-Muawidhatein
65. How many chapters are there in the holy Qur'an?
    1. 141
    2. 441
    3. 414
    4. 114
66. The two towns in which the holy Qur'an was revealed to prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) are
    1. Swafa and Sinai
    2. Makka and Madina
    3. Jerusalem and Bethlehem
    4. Syria and Taif
67. "Visit him, never annoy him, when you prepare a broth increase the soups you mind about him" Who is this according to the hadiths?
    1. relative
    2. friend
    3. neighbour
    4. brother muslim
68. Hadith. "A generous is near Allah, near paradise, near men and far from Hell. Which kind of a person is this? On
    1. who spends his wealth on the way of Allah.
    2. who gives essential services  to people in need.
    3. receives and takes good care visitors.
    4. who controls his soul and docs what benefits him in the hear after
69. The prophet (p.b.u.h) showed us three signs of a hypocrite. Which one on the is NOT among them? He
    1. betrays trust
    2. never fulfils a promise 
    3. tell lies
    4. complains loudly
70. Which one of the following values will enable a muslim to peacefully mix and interact with non-muslims even though they are annoyed
    1. Tolerance B
    2. Self reliance
    3. Patience
    4. Self discipline
71. Which one among the following recitation in Swalah indicates change of a posture
    1. Rabbanaa Walakal-Hamd
    2. Allahu Akbar
    3. Assalaam Aleikum Warahmatullat
    4. Subhaan Rabi-al-Aalaa
72. Zukkeina is not able to decide which high school to join after passing her KCPE exams excellently. Which Swalat should she perform to get guidance from Allah
    1. Swalatu Khusuf
    2. Swalalu Istiqa-a
    3. Swalat Tahajjud
    4. Swalatu Istikhaara
73. Which form of purification is done passing dusty hands on the face
    1. Tayammum
    2. Istinjaa 
    3. Ghusul
    4. Istimna-a
74. Dogs and pigs, their sweat, saliva and rashes are all classified under
    1. Najis Mutawasit
    2. Najis Mukhaffafa 
    3. Najis Mughalladha
    4. Najis Heidh
75. The Islamic Sharia has identified and listed ______groups of people who quality to receive Zakkat.
    1. six
    2. eight
    3. five
    4. seven
76. The meal prepared and feasted passed mid night by muslims in preparation for fasting that day is referred to as 
    1. Suhuur
    2. Walima
    3. Iftaar
    4. Twa'am
77. In which of the following places will a hujaaj put on Ihraam to start Hajj activities? At
    1. Arafa
    2. Miqat
    3. Muzdalifa
    4. Minna
78. Which one of the following is NOT an obligation towards a muslim dead body?
    1. Dafan
    2. Ruqiya
    3. Ghusul
    4. Kaffan
79. Which of these is a pair of vices that those who engage in them receive the curses of Allah?
    1. Bribe and alcohol 
    2. Murder and theft
    3. Lies and falls testimony
    4. Apostacy and adultory
80. The attribute of Allah(s.w), "Al-Mu-umin" means the
    1. magnificient
    2. sovereign
    3. designer
    4. trusted
81. During the prophets ascent to the Arsh of Allah in the Miiraj trip, the prophet(p.b.u.h) used a special animal called
    1. Al-Baqara
    2. Buraq
    3. Al-Fiil
    4. Al-Qaswa 
82. Where was the prophet (p.b.u.h) when he received the first revelation from Angel Jibril (A.S)?
    1. at Aqaba
    2. In cave Thaur
    3. On Mt Swafa
    4. In cave Hira
83. Which one among these months of the Islamic calendar is NOT an Ash-hurul Hurum?
    1. 9^th month
    2. 12^th month
    3. 1^st month
    4. 7^th month
84. The two daughters of the prophet Muhammad(S.A.W) who both got married to Caliph Uthman bin Affan were
    1. Zainaba and Faatima
    2. Ummu Kulthum and Zainab
    3. Faatima and Ruqayya
    4. Ruqayya and Ummu Kulthum
85. Which mistake did some army men do during Uhud that made muslims almost loose that battle to the Qufaar?
    1. Some army men were just hypocrites
    2. They disobeyed the prophet's instructions 
    3. Some never joined the prophet in Swalat Khauf.
    4. When the prophet(p.b.u.h) got hurt.
86. Which one among these Ummahaats were destroyed by Allah(s.w) because of injustice in measures in their businesses?
    1. Ummat Lut(A.S)
    2. Ummat Swalah (A.S)
    3. Ummat Shuaib(A.S)
    4. Ummat Nuh(A.S)
87. What is Tawakkul?
    1. The fellowship of Allah
    2. Reliance on Allah 
    3. The commitment to Allah
    4. The fear of Allah
88. Who accompanied the prophet (S.A.W) on his Hijra trip to Madina?
    1. Bilaal bin Rabbah
    2. Uthman bin Affaan 
    3. Abubakkar Sidiq
    4. Ayyub Auswari 
89. For how long did the prophet(S.A.W) propagate Islam secretly?
    1. Three years
    2. Ten years
    3. Five years.
    4. Thirteen years
90. Muslims and the Qureish elders drafted a Hudaibiyya peace agreement that was to last for a period of
    1. 23 years
    2. 17 years
    3. 10 years 
    4. 7 years