Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Mokasa Pre Mock Exams 2023

• This paper has two sections A and B.
• Answer ALL the questions in section A.
• Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from section B. .
• Candidates should answer the questions in English.

SECTION A: 25 MARKS

Answer ALL questions in this section. 

1.  
   1. What is physical Geography?                         (2marks)
   2. Give three divisions of physical Geography.           (2marks)
2. State four effects of rotation of the earth          (4marks)
3. The diagram below represents zones of natural vegetation on a mountain. Use it to answer questions that follow
           
   1. Identify the vegetation zones marked X and Y.                     (2marks)
   2. State four characteristics of tropical rainforest vegetation.                     (4marks)
4.  
   1. Identify two erosional processes in a desert landscape.              (2marks)
   2. Describe the formation of a mushroom block                      (3marks)
5.  
   1. Define a lake          (2marks)
   2. Give three reasons why some rift valley lakes are fresh water.          (3marks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two question in this section

6.  
   1. Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
      1. What type of map is Kisumu East map extract?          (1mark) 
      2. Give two scales that have been used in the map extract.          (2marks)
      3. What is the bearing of the trigonometrical station at grid square 0383 from the Air Photo Principal Point at grid square 0281?          (2marks)
   2.  
      1. Measure the length of the All Weather Road Bound Surface B2/1 from the junction at Grid square 9793 to the western edge of the map extract. Give your answer in kilometer.        (2marks)
      2. What is the altitude of the highest point in the area covered by the map?          (2marks)
   3. Draw a rectangle measuring 16cm by 10cm to represent the area enclosed by Eastings 02 and 10 and Northing 90 and 00.            (1mark)
      On the rectangle, mark and name the following.          (4marks)
      • Nyando escarpment.
      • All Weather Road Bound Surface C543/1
      • Prison
      • Agricultural Sugar Research Station.
   4.  
      1. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.          (5marks)         
      2. Citing evidence from the map, identify three social services offered in Kisumu Municipality.           6marks)
7.  
   1. The diagram below shows the structure of the earth. Use it to answer the question that follows. 
      
      1. Name the parts marked :          (2marks)
         1. P
         2. Q
      2. Describe the composition of the crust          (5marks)
   2.  
      1. Define the term solar system.          (2marks)
      2. Using a well labelled diagram describe the occurrence of the solar eclipse.          (5marks)
   3.  
      1. What is climate change?          (2marks)
      2. State four human activities which contribute to greenhouse effect.          (4marks)
      3. Mention effects of global warming on human activities.          (5marks)
8.  
   1.  
      1. What are earth movements?          (2marks)
      2. State three causes of earth movements?          (3marks)
   2.  
      1. Define folding
      2. Describe how a recumbent fold is formed.                                                          (4marks)
   3.  
      1. Apart from a recumbent fold, name two other types of folds.                  (2marks)
      2. Name four features resulting from folding apart from fold mountains.          (4marks)
      3. Name two examples of fold mountains in Africa. (2mks)
   4. Explain four significance of folding to human activities.                      (8marks)
9.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term hydrological cycle.                      (2marks)
      2. Give three processes of hydrological cycle.          (3marks)
   2.  
      1. State three factors that influence river erosion.          (3marks)
      2. Describe the following river erosion processes.
         1. Abrasion          (3marks)
         2. Solution.          (3marks)
   3.  
      1. Apart from arcuate delta, name two other types of coastal delta.          (2marks)
      2. Explain three conditions necessary for delta formation.          (6marks)
   4. State three factors which influence the formation of river drainage patterns.          (3marks)
10.  
    1. Give two places in East Africa that are permanently covered by ice          (2marks)                                       
    2.  
       1. Identify three ways in which glaciers move                                                (3marks)
       2. Explain factors that influence the movement of ice.                                 (4marks)
    3.  
       1. Describe how the hanging valleys are formed                                (6marks)
       2. State three significance of lowland glacial features to human activities    (3marks)                                                                 
    4. Your class plans to carry out a field study on glaciation on the slopes of Mt. Kenya.
       1. What preparations will you make before the actual study                           (4 marks)
       2. Identify three methods that you will use to collect data during your study (3 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A: 25 MARKS

Answer ALL questions in this section.

1.  
   1. What is physical Geography? (2marks)
      • It is the branch of geography that deals with the formation of physical features/land forming processes.
   2. Name three divisions of physical Geography. (3marks)
      • geomorphology
      • spatial geography
      • climatology
      • oceanology
      • pedology
2. State four effects of rotation of the earth. (4marks)
   • Cause day and night
   • Causes falling and rising of ocean tides.
   • Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents.
   • Causes variation in the speed of air masses.
   • Causes differences in time between longitudes.
3. Study the diagram showing vegetation zones of a mountain slope. Use it to answer questions [a] and [b]
   1. identify the vegetation zones marked X and Y (2marks)
      1. X – Bamboo vegetation
      2. Y – Savana grassland vegetation
   2. State four characteristics of tropical rainforest. (4marks)
      • Most trees are hard woods
      • Most trees are evergreen
      • Most trees have broad leaves
      • Trees are of mixed species
      • Have thick under growth
      • Trees are tall and form canopies
4.  
   1. Identify two erosional processes in a desert landscape. (2marks)
      • Abrasion
      • Deflation
   2. Describe the formation of a mushroom block. (3marks)
      • Amass of rock with uniform rock resistance/ homogenous rock stands on a desert surface.
      • Weathering and abrasion attacks the rock mass such that undercutting is more at the base and smoothening /polishing at the top forming a mushroom shaped block of rock having a narrow base and broad rounded top called Mushroom block.
5.  
   1. What is a lake? (2marks)
      • An extensive mars of water body that has accumulated / collected in a depression / hollow on the earth’s surface.
   2. Give three reasons why some rift valley lakes are fresh water. (3marks)
      • Some have surfaces outlets that carry away excess salts.
      • Some are situated in high rainfall areas supplying fresh water.
      • Some are located in high rainfall receiving low temperature reading evaporation.
      • Some have regular inflow of fresh water.
      • Some have underground / subterranean outlets draining away salts on the lake bed.

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two question in this section.

6.  
   1. Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50,000 (sheet 116/2) provided and answer the following questions.
      1. What type of map is Kisumu East map extract? (1mk)
         • Topographical map.
      2. Give two scales that have been used in the map extract. (2mks)
         • Linear scale.
         • Representative scale.
      3. What is the bearing of the trigonometrical station at grid square 0383 from the Air Photo Principal Point at grid square 0281? (2mks)
         
         • 053°/N53°E
   2.  
      1. Measure the length of the All Weather Road Bound Surface B2/1 from the junction at Grid square 9793 to the western edge of the map extract. Give your answer in kilometer. (2mks)
         4.9 ±1km
      2. What is the altitude of the highest point in the area covered by the map? (2mks)
         • 1872 meters above the sea level.
   3. Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area enclosed by Eastings 02 and 10 and Northing 90 and 00. (1mk)
      On the rectangle, mark and name the following. (4mks)
      • Nyando escarpment.
      • All Weather Road Bound Surface C543/1
      • Prison
      • Agricultural Sugar Research Station.
        
   4.  
      1. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5mks)
         • The main drainage features are rivers/lake/seasonal swamp.
         • Most rivers are permanent
         • Some rivers in the north eastern part are disappearing/vanishing.
         • River Nyamasaria and its tributaries form dendritic drainage pattern.
         • River Ombeyi flows from the East towards the West.
         • Most rivers have meanders along their course.
         • River Luando has a delta on its mouth.
         • There are seasonal swamps and papyrus swamp in the area covered by the map.
         • Some rivers originate from Nyando escarpment.
      2. Citing evidence from the map, identify three social services offered in Kisumu Municipality. (6mks)
         • Health/medical service evidenced by hospitals/dispensary.
         • Religious services evidenced by church/mission.
         • Security services evidenced by police station.
         • Housing evidenced by built up areas.
         • Water supply evidenced by water pipes.
         • Burial service evidenced by cemetery
         • Recreational services evidenced by stadium
         • Correctional/rehabilitation services evidenced by prison.
7.  
   1. The diagram below shows the structure of the earth. Use it to answer the question that follows.
      1. Name the parts marked : (2mks)
         1. P. Atmosphere.
         2. Q. Core.
      2. Describe the composition of the crust (5mks)
         • Made of soils and other loose deposits of sand
         • The dominant rocks are granites.
         • Has 2 layers ie the continental layer and the oceanic layer.
         • The continental crust is made up of light coloured rocks
         • The dorminant mineral of the sial are silica and aluminium.
         • The oceanic layer is mainly made of basaltic rocks which are brittle.
         • The dorminant minerals of the oceanic layer are silica and magnesium.
   2.  
      1. Define the term solar system. (2mks)
         • The composition of the sun, planets and other heavenly bodies orbiting around the sun.
      2. Using a well labelled diagram describe the occurrence of the solar eclipse. (5mks)
              
         • The moon comes between the earth and the sun
         • The moon’s shadow is cast on the earth
         • The earth appears to be covered by darkness
   3.  
      1. What is climate change? (2mks)
         • Is the establishment of a new climatic state or system in an area due to change in weather elements such as temperature and precipitation over time.
      2. State four human activities which contribute to greenhouse effect. (4mks)
         • Burning of fossil fuels.
         • Deforestation and land use changes.
         • Agricultural activities
         • Industrial developments.
      3. State effects of global warming on the environment. (5mks)
         • Increased rainfall.
         • Changes in natural ecosystem
         • Flooding leading to rise in sea level
         • Shifting of climatic and vegetation zones
         • Abundant growth of plants.
         • Occurrence of flash floods.
         • Increased ultra-violet radiation that results in sunburn.
8.  
   1.  
      1. what are earth movements? (2marks)
         • These are movements of the rocks of the crust caused by tectonic force in the interior of the earth.
      2. State three causes of earth movements. (3marks)
         • Magma movements within the earth’s crust.
         • Convectional currents in the mantle
         • Isolation adjustments of the earth’s crust.
         • Gravitative pressure/force of gravity.
   2.  
      1. Define folding (2marks)
         • The bending of crustal rocks due to compressional forces.
      2. Describe how a recumbent fold is formed (4marks)
         • The crustal rocks are subjected to strong compressional forces on one side leading to formation of a symmetrical fold.
         • The strong compressional forces confines to push over folds on one side of asymmetrical fold such that the outline gets pushed over the limb of the next fold forming over-fold.
         • Continued compressional force causes the over fold to be puddled over completely such that they lie in horizontal position forming a recumbent fold.
   3.  
      1. Apart from a recumbent fold, name two other types of folds. (2marks)
         • Simple/symmetrical fold
         • Asymmetrical fold
         • Overfold
         • Overthrust fold
         • Isoclinal fold
         • Anticlinorium-synclinorium complex
      2. Name four features resulting from folding apart from fold mountains. (4marks)
         • Synclinal valleys/depressions
         • Rolling plains
         • Ridge and valley landscape
         • Inter-montane plateau
         • Inter-montane basin
         • Escarpments
      3. Name two examples of Fold Mountains in Africa. (2mks)
         • Atlas
         • Cape Ranges
         • Akwapin Hills.
   4. Explain four significant of Fold Mountains to human activities. (8marks)
      • Fold mountains forms windward slopes receiving high rainfall supporting agricultural activities / farming forestry / human settlement.
      • Fold Mountains with lee ward slope are suitable for establishment of game parks / game reserve/passion since E receives low unreliable rainfall.
      • Windward slopes receive high rainfall for the development of rivers supplying water for domestic / irrigation.
      • Fold Mountains are tall and may be snowcapped forming beautiful scenery that attracts tourist promoting tourism.
      • Some fold mountains may contained valuable minerals due to rock metamorphism enhancing mining.
9.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term hydrological cycle. (2mks)
         • Hydrological cycle is the continuous movement of water from the air to the earth surface and back to the air.
      2. Give three processes of hydrological cycle. (3mks)
         • Evaporation/evapotranspiration/moist air rising.
         • Condensation/moist air cooling.
         • Percolation/infiltration.
         • Surface run-off/overland flow.
         • Precipitation/rainfall/snow fall.
   2.  
      1. State three factors that influence river erosion. (3mks)
         • The volume of the river.
         • The gradient of the river channel.
         • The nature of the river load.
         • The nature of the rock.
      2. Describe the following river erosion processes.
         1. Abrasion (3mks)
            • The load carried by a river is used to erode a river channel.
            • The river uses the load (sand/pebbles/silt) to scrub/rub/scratch/grind and polish its bed and banks.
            • It leads to deepening and widening of the river channel.
         2. Solution. (3mks)
            • Occurs on rocks of river channels which contain soluble minerals.
            • The flowing river water comes across rocks which contain soluble minerals.
            • The soluble minerals are dissolved in the river water and carried downstream within the water currents.
   3.  
      1. Apart from arcuate delta, name two other types of coastal delta. (2mks)
         • Birds foot delta.
         • Estuarine delta.
      2. Explain three conditions necessary for delta formation. (6mks)
         • There must be large quantities of silt or sediments ro be deposited at the river mouth.
         • There should be low velocity of the river at the river mouth.
         • There should be a shallow continental shelf or shore around the river mouth.
         • High rate of deposition than rate of removal silt at the river mouth/presence of calm sea/weak sea waves/weak tidal currents at the coast.
         • Absence of obstacles/filters in the river course.
   4. State three factors which influence the formation of river drainage. (3mks)
      • The angle of the slope of the land.
      • The difference in rock resistance.
      • The arrangements of the rock layers/rock structure.
      • Faulting of rocks of thereaths crust.
10.  
    1. Give two places in East Africa that are permanently covered by ice (2mks)
       • Peak of Mt. Kenya
       • Peak of Mt. Ruwenzori
       • Peak of Mt. Kilimanjaro
    2.  
       1. Identify three ways in which glaciers move (3mks)
          • Plastic Flowage
          • Basal Slip
          • Extrusion Flow
          • Internal Shearing
       2. Explain factors that influence the movement of ice from a place where it has accumulated (4mks)
          • Gradient of the Land-Ice moves faster on steep slopes than on gentle slopes due to the influence of gravity i.e. greater gravity on steep slopes and thus high speed.
          • Season- Ice movement is faster in summer due to frequent thawing and melting compared to winter when thawing is rare
          • Friction-Central parts of ice move faster than sides and bottom which are in contact with rock beneath and thus face resistance due to friction.
          • Thickness of Ice- Thicker masses of ice cause more pressure between them and rocks beneath which cause slight melting and therefore faster movement. Thicker ice moves fast while thin ice moves slowly.
    3.  
       1. Describe how the hanging valleys are formed (5mks)
          • Ice occupies pre-existing main valley and tributary valley
          • The main valley and tributary valley are eroded by glaciers through abrasion and plucking
          • More erosion is experienced on the main valley than the tributary valley due to more glaciers.
          • The main valley is deepened and widened through vertical and lateral erosion forming glacial trough
          • The eroded tributary valley remains suspended on the upper edge of the main valley and is called the hanging valley
       2. State significances of lowland glacial features to human activities (4 marks)
          • Some outwash plains have fertile morainic soils suitable for agriculture e.g. Canadian prairies where wheat is grown.
          • Glacial lakes such as great lakes of North America provide natural route ways and fish sources thus influencing fishing and transport.
          • Sheltered water of fiords is a suitable breeding ground of fish therefore encouraging fishing.
          • Sand excavated from outwash plains and eskers is used for construction enhancing the construction industry.
    4. Your class plans to carry out a field study on glaciation on the slopes of Mt. Kenya.
       1. What preparations will you make before the actual study (4 marks)
          • Assembling necessary tools
          • Drawing work schedule
          • Drawing route maps
          • Dividing into groups
          • Reading more on the topic
          • Seeking permission
       2. Identify three methods that you will use to collect data during your study. (3 marks)
          • Observing
          • Administering questionnaires
          • Interviewing
          • Reading through relevant books / content analysis
          • Taking photographs