Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Mokasa Mocks Exams 2023

• This paper has two sections A and B
• Answer ALL the questions in section A.  In section B answer questions 6 and any other TWO questions.

SECTION A: 25 MARKS

Answer ALL questions in this section

1. State five importance of studying geography. (5 marks)
2.  
   1. Define the term mining. (2 marks)
   2. State four benefits of soda ash to the economy of Kenya. (4 marks)
3. Reasons why a country should deserve her forest. (5 marks)
4.  
   1. What is mixed farming? (2 marks)
   2. State three characteristics of shifting cultivation. (3 marks)
5. Identify stages involved in land reclamation in Netherlands. (5 marks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.

6. The table below shows the value of some Kenya’s mineral exports from 2000 to 2003.  Use it to answer questions (a).
   Value of Kenya’s mineral exports (million Ksh.)
   

   MINERAL	YEAR
   	2000	2001	2002	2003
   Soda Ash	13,200	8,300	7,300	12,400
   Petroleum products	4,200	4,500	4,700	6,100
   Cement	7,300	7,800	7,400	8,900

   1.  
      1. Using a scale of 1cm represent 1000 million Kenya shillings, draw a comparative bar graph to represent the data shown. (8 marks)
      2. State three advantages of using comparative bar graphs to represent statistical data. (3 marks)
   2. Describe how deep shaft mining method is used in exploitation of minerals. (6 marks)
   3.  
      1. Name two leading gold mining areas in South Africa. (2 marks)
      2. Explain three ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa. (6 marks)
7.  
   1.  
      1. Name three counties in Kenya where maize is grown in large scale farming. (3 marks)
      2. Explain three physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in Kenya. (6 marks)
      3. Explain measures that the government of Kenya had undertaken to improve maize farming.
   2.  
      1. Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya. (2 marks)
      2. Explain three ways in which dairy farming in Kenya is different from dairy farming in Denmark. (6 marks)
8.  
   1.  
      1. Distinguish between forests and forestry. (2 marks)
      2. Name three exotic species of softwood trees in Kenya. (3 marks)
      3. State four reasons why the government encourages agroforestry. (4 marks)
   2. Explain the following problems facing forestry in Kenya.
      1. Encroachment. (2 marks)
      2. Game damage (2 marks)
      3. Forest fires (2 marks)
      4. Excision. (2 marks)
   3. Compare softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the following subheadings.
      1. Distribution of soft woods. (2 marks)
      2. Tree harvesting (2 marks)
      3. Period of harvesting (2 marks)
      4. Transportation of logs. (2 marks)
9.  
   1. What is land reclamation? (2 marks)
   2. Explain four methods used to rehabilitate lad in Kenya. (8 marks)
      1. ……… and gabions.
      2. Mulching of land
   3.  
      1. State four significance of irrigation schemes in Kenya. (4 marks)
      2. Outline four problems facing irrigation schemes in Kenya. (4 marks)
   4.  
      1. Give four factors influencing the location of Mwea-Tebere irrigation schemes. (4 marks)
      2. Mention three difference between land reclamation in Kenya and Netherlands. (3 marks)
10.  
    1.  
       1. Distinguish between a national park and a game reserve. (2 marks)
       2. State three reasons why the government establishes national parks in Kenya. (3 marks)
    2.  
       1. Name three tourist attractions at the coast of Kenya. (3 marks)
       2. Explain the socio-economic benefits of tourism in Kenya. (6 marks)
    3.  
       1. Give three reasons why high tourism potential areas benefit more from tourism. (3 marks)
       2. Explain four measures that Kenyan government should take in order to attract more tourists. (8 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section.

1. State five importance of studying geography. (5 marks)
   • It helps in develop of skills.
   • It enables learners understand/appreciate different environmental awareness/cooperation.
   • It encourages international awareness/cooperation.
   • It helps learners appreciate important social values such as time management/responsibility.
   • It promotes positive attitude towards protection/conservation of resources.
   • It leads to development of career opportunities.
   • It enables learners to explain the origin/formation of the earth/landforms
2.  
   1. Define the term mining. (2 marks)
      • Mining refers to the extraction of valuable minerals from the earth’s crust.
   2. State four benefits of soda ash to the economy of Kenya. (4 marks)
      • It has led to the establishment and development of Magadi town (urbanization)
      • It has led to the development of social amenities.
      • It has stimulated the development and improvement of infrastructure, especially road and railway transport. For example, the Magadi – Konza railway.
      • The company provides employment to many Kenyan’s.
      • The soda ash exported to other countries earn Kenya foreign exchange.
      • It has promoted the development of other related industries e.g. glass making/soap making/paper making.
3. State five reasons why a country should conserve her forest. (5 marks)
   • Forests provide timber for building/raw materials.
   • Forests are a source of food.
   • Forests protect catchment areas.
   • Forests provide shelter/habitat/base for wildlife.
   • Forests hold soil particles together/reducing soil erosion.
   • Forests act as wind breakers.
   • Leaves of trees reduce force of raindrops.
4.  
   1. What is mixed farming? (2 marks)
      
      • It is the growing of crops and rearing f livestock on the farm at the same time.
   2. State three characteristics of shifting cultivation. (3 marks)
      • Vegetation is cleared by slashing and burning
      • There is the use of little or no manure.
      • The land is communally owned.
      • The yields decline after a certain period of continuous use/the land is abandoned when the yield decline.
      • Both settlements and plots are temporary.
      • Farming depends mainly on family labour
      • The farmers use simple implements.
      • It is mainly for subsistence.
      • Plots are small and scattered.
      • The siting of the land is in virgin forests
5. Identify stages involved in land reclamation in Netherlands. (5 marks)
   • Protective dykes were constructed to enclose the part of the sea to be reclaimed. The dykes were to protect the and from getting flooded during high tide.
   • Ring canals were constructed to carry water from the areas to be reclaimed.
   • Pumping stations were installed to pump sea water out of the area enclosed by the dykes.
   • Water was pumped out of the area enclosed by the dykes.
   • Reeds were sown to prevent weeds from growing and to utilize excess water in the area so that the soil could dry.
   • Drainage ditches were cut in the land and drainage pipes laid. More pumping stations were put on the land being reclaimed. These were used to drain water from the water table.
   • The area was divided into rectangular portions using inner dykes and ring canals.
   • The soils were treated with chemicals to lower their salinity.
   • The drained land was flushed with chemicals to remove salts from the soil.

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.

6. The table below shows the value of some Kenya’s mineral exports from 2000 to 2003. Use it to answer questions (a).
   1.  
      1. Using a scale of 1cm represent 1000 million Kenya shillings, draw a comparative bar graph to represent the data shown. (8 marks)
      2. State three advantages of using comparative bar graphs to represent statistical data. (3 marks)
         • Emphasize quantities very well.
         • Easy comparison of quantities between bars in each set.
         • Easy to construct/draw baseline.
         • Easy to compare similar components across different sets.
         • Gives a good visual impression.
         • Easy to read/interpret
   2. Describe how deep shaft mining method is used in exploitation of minerals. (6 marks)
      • A vertical shaft is sunk underground
      • Horizontal tunnels are dug to reach the mineral deposit
      • Metal or concrete props are erected to support the roofs of the tunnels.
      • A light rail line is constructed in the tunnels to join the vertical tunnel.
      • Mineral are is blasted using explosives.
      • Broken particles are transported by the light railway upto the base of the shaft and then cranes are used to lift the mineral are to the surface for smelting
   3.  
      1. Name two leading gold mining areas in South Africa. (2 marks)
         • Johannesburg
         • Krugersdorp
         • Klerkdrop
         • Lydenburg
      2. Explain three ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa. (6 marks)
         • Highly priced gold are exported earning foreign exchange used in developing other sectors of the economy.
         • Gold is a raw material in making jewelry which promotes industrial growth and creation of employment.
         • Gold is a medium of exchange in the world market hence used in paying international debts.
         • Gold mining has led to development of roads into formerly remote areas hence expanding transport networks.
7.  
   1.  
      1. Name three counties in Kenya where maize is grown in large scale farming. (3 marks)
         • Transzoia
         • Uasin Gishu
         • Nakuru
         • Laikipia
         • Bungoma
      2. Explain three physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in Kenya. (6 marks)
         • Moderate to high temperature/10°C – 30°C/ warm to hot conditions for faster maturation.
         • Moderate to high rainfall/800mm – 2500/wet climate annually for faster maturation/sustain high production.
         • Volcanic/light loamy/ alluvial soils
         • Gentle sloping/undulating land for proper drainage for easy mechanization.
         • Sunny/dry seasons for ripening and harvesting/prevent rotting of maize.
         • Deep soils for ancurage.
      3. Explain measures that the government of Kenya had undertaken to improve maize farming.
         • Buying maize from farmers through national cereals and produce board at fair prices in order to protect them from exploitation from middlemen.
         • Selling to farmers farm inputs at subsidized prices to enable reduce their cost of production
         • The government fives the credit facilities/loans through AFC to enable them buy other inputs and improve quality and quantity of produce.
         • The government regulates importation of maize to reduce competition in the local market.
         • The government is conducting research through Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALPO) and Kenya Seed Company on better maize seeds that farmers can use in different environmental conditions for higher yields.
         • Roads have been improved in maize growing areas to make transportation of the crop from the farms easy.
         • Establishing proper storage facilities and treating maize with chemicals to reduce destruction by weevil/rodents.
   2.  
      1. Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya. (2 marks)
         • Alderney
         • Guernsey
         • Swiss Brown/Brown swiss
         • Fleck-vieh/simmental
         • Jersey
         • Aryshire
         • Fresian/Holstein
      2. Explain three ways in which dairy farming in Kenya is different from dairy farming in Denmark. (6 marks)
         • In Kenya dairy farming is manly practiced in the highlands whereas in Denmark it is practiced throughout the country.
         • In Kenya research is limited whereas in Denmark research is extensive.
         • In Kenya, animals graze outdoor throughout the year whereas in Denmark animals are kept indoors during winter.
         • In Kenya A.I/extension services is limited to a few farms whereas in Denmark A.I/extension services are widely used.
         • In Denmark the dairy co-operative is least developed whereas in Denmark co-operative movement is highly developed.
         • In Kenya most of dairy products are consumed by the domestic market whereas in Denmark the products are mainly exported.
         • In Kenya most farmers practice mixed farming whereas in Denmark dairy farming is highly specialized.
         • In Kenya mechanization is limited whereas in Denmark, mechanization is widely used.
         • In Kenya, cattle mainly depend on naturally growing grass whereas in Denmark the cattle is fed on fodder and commercial feeds.
8.  
   1.  
      1. Distinguish between forests and forestry. (2 marks)
         • A forest refers to a continuous growth of trees and undergrowth covering a large tract of land while forestry is the science of developing and managing forests including cultivating them.
      2. Name three exotic species of softwood trees in Kenya. (3 marks)
         • Cypress
         • Pines
      3. State four reasons why the government encourages agroforestry. (4 marks)
         • To ensure continuous supply of wood fuel.
         • To provide raw materials for industries.
         • To provide fruits for human consumption.
         • Trees are source of income to farmers when converted into timber
         • To conserve soils
   2. Explain the following problems facing forestry in Kenya.
      1. Encroachment. (2 marks)
         • Increasing population among communities living adjacent to forests has led to people encroach the forests. Some plants and animals species face extinction as their habitat is being encroached on.
      2. Game damage (2 marks)
         • Wild animals damages/destroys young forests trees.
      3. Forest fires (2 marks)
         • Destroys large tracts of forests reducing the area under forest
      4. Excision. (2 marks)
         • Reduction of the area under forests.
         • Destruction of huge areas covered by forests
   3. Compare softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the following subheadings.
      1. Distribution of soft woods. (2 marks)
         • In Kenya mainly found in highlands while in Canada mainly found in the highlands and lowlands.
      2. Tree harvesting (2 marks)
         • Power-saws used in both countries.
         • In Kenya, axes are used to a limited extent, while in Canada are used.
      3. Period of harvesting (2 marks)
         • In Kenya harvesting is carried throughout the year, while in Canada is carried during the winter.
         • In both countries harvesting is done in clear cutting and blocks.
      4. Transportation of logs. (2 marks)
         • Transportation of logs in Kenya is by tractors and lorries while in Canada trucks are used where rivers are small, frozen or far away from logging sites.
         • Canada rivers are widely used to transport logs by floating them on water while in Kenya roads are used to transport logs.
9.  
   1. What is land reclamation? (2 marks)
      • The process of converting less productive land into a more productive land/state for agricultural purposes.
   2. Explain four methods used to rehabilitate lad in Kenya. (8 marks)
      1. ……… and gabions.
         • This helps to trap water and improve infiltration ensuring high soil moisture improving soil fertility.
         • Helps trap the soil eroded which in turn can be used for crop growing.
         • Helps to reduce the spread of surface run-off thus minimizing soil erosion.
      2. Mulching of land
         • Mulching reduces evaporation helping to conserve moisture in the soil.
         • Helps to check the speed of running water hence reducing soil erosion.
         • Reduces the splashing effect of rain drops protecting the soil from being loose.
         • Reduces surface run-off thus increasing infiltration ensuring more moisture in the soil for plant use.
         • Much from crop residue decompose to form humus for soil fertility.
   3.  
      1. State four significance of irrigation schemes in Kenya. (4 marks)
         • Food security
         • employment creation
         • Settlements
         • Foreign exchange
      2. Outline four problems facing irrigation schemes in Kenya. (4 marks)
         • Water availability
         • Poor infrastructure
         • Inadequate funding
         • Poor management
         • Land Tenure
         • Climate change
         • Pests and Diseases
   4.  
      1. Give four factors influencing the location of Mwea-Tebere irrigation schemes. (4 marks)
         • Availability of water supply from R. Nyamindi & R. Thiba
         • Topography – Gently sloping land
         • Fertile soils- Black cotton soils
         • Sparsely populated area
         • Inadequate rainfall
         • High temperature
         • Extensive land
      2. Mention three difference between land reclamation in Kenya and Netherlands. (3 marks)
         1. Objectives:
            • Kenya: Land reclamation in Kenya aims to increase agricultural land, provide space for urban development, and combat issues such as erosion and flooding.
            • Netherlands: Land reclamation in the Netherlands primarily focuses on creating additional land for housing, infrastructure, and industrial purposes due to the high population density.
         2. Methods:
            • Kenya: Land reclamation in Kenya involves techniques such as dam construction, terracing, and afforestation to reclaim land from water bodies or degraded areas.
            • Netherlands: Land reclamation in the Netherlands employs methods like poldering, diking, and drainage to reclaim land from the sea or lakes.
         3. Scale:
            • Kenya: Land reclamation projects in Kenya are typically smaller in scale and are primarily carried out on a local or regional level.
            • Netherlands: Land reclamation in the Netherlands is conducted on a larger scale, involving extensive engineering and planning to reclaim significant areas of land.
         4. Challenges:
            • Kenya: Land reclamation in Kenya faces challenges such as limited resources, lack of infrastructure, and potential conflicts over land ownership.
            • Netherlands: Land reclamation in the Netherlands encounters challenges related to managing water levels, maintaining flood protection, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of reclaimed land.
         5. Environmental Impact:
            • Kenya: Land reclamation projects in Kenya need to consider ecological impacts, such as habitat destruction and alterations to water ecosystems. Efforts are made to minimize negative environmental consequences.
            • Netherlands: Land reclamation in the Netherlands has a history of balancing environmental considerations, including preserving natural habitats and managing water quality, alongside the need for land expansion.
         6. Economic Benefits:
            • Kenya: Land reclamation in Kenya can contribute to increased agricultural productivity, urban development, and economic growth in the reclaimed areas.
            • Netherlands: Land reclamation in the Netherlands has played a significant role in creating valuable land for housing, industries, and infrastructure, contributing to economic development and urban expansion.
         7. Government Involvement:
            • Kenya: Land reclamation projects in Kenya often involve government initiatives, policies, and support to address land scarcity and promote sustainable development.
            • Netherlands: Land reclamation in the Netherlands is heavily regulated and coordinated by government agencies, ensuring proper planning, environmental considerations, and long-term management.
10.  
    1.  
       1. Distinguish between a national park and a game reserve. (2 marks)
          • A national park is an area which has been set aside for the preservation of scenery, wildlife and historical sites to protect them from destruction whereas a game reserve is an area which has been set aside for the preservation of wild game.
       2. State three reasons why the government establishes national parks in Kenya. (3 marks)
          • To preserve the natural beauty.
          • To conserve wildlife/plants and animals
          • To promote tourism/provide areas for recreation.
          • To create an environment for education and research
          • To create employment opportunities for the citizens.
          • To generate revenue.
    2.  
       1. Name three tourist attractions at the coast of Kenya. (3 marks)
          • Sandy beaches
          • Sunny/warm climate
          • Historical sites/fort Jesus/Gedi ruins/vascodagama pillar
          • Traditional culture/dances/shrines/handcraft/Kenya forest
          • Indian ocean
          • Mangrove swamps/forests
          • Nature trails
          • Wild life
          • Coral reefs/cliffs/caves
       2. Explain the socio-economic benefits of tourism in Kenya. (6 marks)
          • Development of tourist facilities provides employment opportunities hence reducing unemployment/raising living standards.
          • It is a source of revenue to the government which is used to develop other sectors of the economy.
          • Management of game parks provides social amenities e.g. schools, hospitals improving the living standards.
          • Has led to the establishment and expansion of training institutions to produce manpower needed in the tourism industry hence leading to the creation of a pool of local labour.
          • Provides a ready market for handcraft items and curios produced in the country thus providing them with income to improve their living standards.
          • Provides markets to agricultural foods stuffs required in hotels hence encouraging farmers to produce more to get income.
          • Has led to improvement of access roads and communication network to tourist sites which also benefits the local communities.
          • Establishment of national parks and museums as tourist attractions has enabled Kenya to preserve and protect its rich cultural heritage.
          • Tourism encourages cultural heritage which promotes international understanding/promotes international trade.
          • Tourism in game parks provide income to local authorities/county governments which is used to provide services to the local communities.
    3.  
       1. Give three reasons why high tourism potential areas benefit more from tourism. (3 marks)
          • They have adequate transport network that facilitate easy movement to various places.
          • Have adequate security to safeguard tourism.
          • Have good accommodation facilities comfortable for tourists
          • have many tourist attraction features
          • Have favorable climate that is warm and sunny
          • Have access to trained manpower to take care of tourists.
       2. Explain four measures that Kenyan government should take in order to attract more tourists. (8 marks)
          • Promote eco-tourism so as to preserve the environment and tourist attraction sites using the foreign tourists and local communities.
          • Improve and train more personnel to serve tourists better and sensitize citizens to be hospitable to foreigners so as to attract more tourists.
          • The government should improve on its political relations with other countries so as to attract tourists form such countries.
          • Establish and modernize tourist facilities in areas that have a high potential and improve on the existing tourist destinations to increase the number of tourist attractions.
          • Establishing adversity of tourist attractions to avoid depending on the traditional attraction and also reduce competition with other tourist destinations
          • Marketing the country more aggressively to make it better known and to improve the image of the country abroad.
          • Improving security to ensure safety of tourists is guaranteed, put measures to fight terrorism, which scare away tourists and maintain political peace to avoid tribal clashes that scare away tourists.
          • Improving infrastructure like roads, airports and communication systems to all tourist sites to make them easily accessible.
          • Encourage domestic tourism through intensified local marketing to increase number of tourists during low peak tourist season.