History Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Mokasa 1 Joint Pre Mock Exams 2023

• This paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
• Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from section C.
• Candidates should answer the questions in English.

SECTION A  (25 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. Give two factors which led to the migration and settlement of the Iteso into Kenya by 1800.          (2 marks)
2. State two reasons why Kenyan communities fought during the pre-colonial period.  (2 marks)
3. Give the main reason why early visitors from Arabia came to the Kenyan Coast before 1500.           (1 mark)
4. Highlight two reasons why the Agiriama were opposed to British colonial rule.       (2 marks)
5. Write two terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886.         (2 marks)
6. What was the main reason for the formation of the Ukamba Members Association? (1 mark)
7. Define the term constitution.         (2 marks)
8. Give one reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities with other races during the colonial period.           (1 mark)
9. Mention two recommendations of the Lyttelton constitution of 1954.         (2 marks)
10. What was the main ideological difference between Kenya Africa National Union (KANU) and Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) before independence in 1963?           (1 mark)
11. Name the British trader who killed 100 Maasai during the Kedong’ massacre.       (1 mark)
12. Who formed the Kenya People’s Union in 1966?           (1 mark)
13. Outline two education commissions established in Kenya before independence.       (2 marks)
14. Identify two national philosophies which have been used in Kenya since independence.         (2 marks)
15. Give one type of parliamentary election held in Kenya.           (1 mark)
16. Write two roles of the Director of Public Prosecution in Kenya.         (2 marks)
17. Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the National Government of Kenya.           (1 mark)

SECTION B  (45 MARKS)
Answer any THREE questions from this section in the foolscaps provided.

18.  
    1. Outline three stages in the Portuguese Conquest of the Coastal towns upto 1510.(3 marks)
    2. Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast.       (12 marks)
19.  
    1. State three ways through which communities in Kenya interacted during the pre-colonial period.        (3 marks)
    2. Describe six aspects of the political organization of the Somali in Kenya.       (12 marks)
20.  
    1. List five principles of democracy.         (5 marks)
    2. Explain five characteristics of human rights.       (10 marks)
21.  
    1. Write five challenges that hinder government’s effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya.        (5 marks)
    2. Explain five challenges facing the agricultural sector in Kenya.      (10 marks)

SECTION C   (30 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section

22.  
    1. What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya?         (5 marks)
    2. Describe five roles of presiding officers during elections in Kenya.       (10 marks)
23.  
    1. Name the three national security organs in Kenya.         (3 marks)
    2. Explain six factors that make it difficult for the correctional services department in Kenya to work effectively.       (12 marks)
24.  
    1. Write five accounts that the Auditor-General is mandated to audit.         (5 marks)
    2. Explain five functions of the Commission on Revenue Allocation.       (10 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25 MARKS)

1. Give two factors which led to the migration and settlement of the Iteso into Kenya by 1800.  (2 marks)
   • Search for land/pasture/water for their livestock.
   • Family/clan feuds /internal conflicts.
   • Externals attacks.
   • Population pressure.
   • Outbreak of diseases/epidemics
   • Natural calamities e.g. drought.
   • Spirit of adventure.      (Any 2x1=2 marks)
2. State two reasons why Kenyan communities fought during the pre-colonial period.  (2 marks)
   • Competition for land for cultivation/settlement.
   • Competition for water and pasture.
   • Cattle raids.
   • To show their military strength.     (Any 2x1=2 marks)
3. Give the main reason why early visitors from Arabia came to the Kenyan Coast before 1500.           (1 mark)
   • To trade/commerce.                                           
4. Highlight two reasons why the Agiriama were opposed to British colonial rule.(2 marks)
   • Land alienation.
   • Imposition of taxes.
   • Forced labour.
   • Disruption of coastal trade by the British.
   • Loss of independence.
   • Culture interference/raping women.  (Any 2x1=(2marks)
5. Write two terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886.         (2 marks)
   • A 10km coastal strip was awarded to the sultan of Zanzibar.
   • The islands of Pemba, Pate,Mafia,Zanzibar and Lamu were given to the sultan of Zanzibar.
   • Witu and the territory between river Umba and river Ruvuma were given to the Germans.
   • The territory between river Umba and Juba were given to the British.
   • The western boundary was not defined and Uganda was up for grabs to whichever power got there first.   
     (Any 2x1=(2marks)
6. What was the main reason for the formation of the Ukamba Members Association?(1 mark)
   • To oppose the colonial policy of destocking.         
7. Define the term constitution.     (2 marks)
   • Is a set of agreed principles and rules which states the structure and powers of a government and the relationship between the governor and the governed.
8. Give one reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities with other races during the colonial period.           (1 mark)
   • Europeans aimed to produce and maintain a semi- skilled labour force for the colony.
   • Fear of competition from educated Africans/racial discrimination.        (Any 1x1=1 marks)
9. Mention two recommendations of the Lyttelton constitution of 1954.        (2 marks)
   • Creation of a multi – racial society where all races would share political power.
   • Creation of multi – racial council of ministers to replace governors executive council.
   • Lifting of a ban on political organizations (1955).
   • Each race should elect its own representatives to the legco.     (Any 2x1=(2 marks)
10. What was the main ideological difference between Kenya Africa National Union (KANU) and Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) before independence in 1963?           
    • Whereas KANU favoured a unitary type of government KADU preferred federalism/majimbolism.            (1 mark)
11. Name the British soldier who killed 100 Maasai during the Kedong massacre    (1 mark)
    • Andrew Dick.                                                           
12. Who formed the Kenya People’s Union in 1966?          (1 mark)
    • Jaramogi Oginga Odinga.                                       
13. Outline two education commissions established in Kenya before independence (2 marks)
    • Fraser commission of 1908.
    • Phelps – stoke commission of 1924.
    • Beecher commission of 1949.
    • Binns commission of 1952.      (Any 2x1=(2 marks)
14. Identify two national philosophies which have been used in Kenya since independence.         (2 marks)
    • African socialism.
    • Harambee.
    • Nyayoism.        (Any 2x1= (2 marks)
15. Give one type of parliamentary election held in Kenya.           (1 mark)
    • General election.
    • By – election.  (Any 1x1=(1 marks)
16. Write two roles of the Director of Public Prosecution in Kenya.         (2 marks)
    • He/she exercises state powers of prosecution.
    • He/she institutes and undertakes criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a courts martial) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed.
    • Has power to direct the Inspector – General of the national police service to investigate any information or allegation of criminal conduct.
    • May take over and continue any criminal proceedings commenced in any court (other than a courts martial) that have instituted or undertaken by another person or authority.
    • He/she may discontinue, at any stage before judgement is delivered, any criminal proceedings instituted by the D.P.P.
      (Any 2x1= (2 marks)
17. Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the National Government of Kenya.          (1 mark)
    • Capital expenditure.
    • Recurrent expenditure.  (Any 1x1=(1 mark)

SECTION B ( 45 MARKS)

18.  
    1. Outline three stages in the Portuguese Conquest of the Coastal towns upto 1510. (3 marks)
       • 1500 – Pedro Alvares Cabral conqured sofala.
       • 1502 – Vasco Da Gama attacked the town of kilwa and demanded tribute.
       • 1503 – Ruy Laurenco Rowasco conqured Zanzibar and other coastal towns.
       • 1505 – Mombasa and Kilwa were conquered by Francisco D’ Almeida.
       • Between 1506 – 1507 Lamu was conquered by Tristan da Cunha.
       • 1509 – Mafia, Pemba and Zanzibar were brought under Portuguese rule.      (Any 3x1=(3 marks)
    2. Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast.       (12 marks)
       • The decline of the Indian Ocean trade denied them revenue to support their rule.
       • Portuguese officials were corrupt and pocketed funds which would have been used to manage the empire.
       • Portuguese officials were cruel/ruthless to the Africans and Arabs who resented them and therefore did not cooperate.
       • There were constant rebellions against the Portuguese and this weakened their control.
       • Combined attacks from Persians, Arabs, and Turks proved formidable for the Portuguese.
       • They faced stiff competition from the British and Dutch which reduced their profits.
       • They had inadequate personnel to effectively manage the extensive coast.
       • Portuquese lacked capital to pay the administrators at the coast and this demoralized them.
       • They lacked administrative skills to rule effectively.
       • Spain annexed Portugal between 1590 and 1640 diverting her interests from the EAC.
       • Distance from Portugal delayed reinforcement.
       • They were affected by tropical diseases eg Malaria.
       • They were attacked by zimba worriors reducing their population.
       • Malindi, their traditional ally, refused to support the portuquese because they were cruel to them.   (Any 6x2=(12 marks)
19.  
    1. State three ways through which communities in Kenya interacted during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks
       • Through intermarriage.
       • Through trade.
       • Through raids/warfare.
       • Through common festivals/ ceremonies eg wrestling/ cultural exchange eg language.      (Any 3x1=(3 marks)
    2. Describe six aspects of the political organization of the Somali in Kenya.       (12 marks)
       1. Had a decentralized government based on the clan.
       2. Clan was the smallest political unit made up of related families.
       3. Clan was headed by a council of elders who maintained law and order, settled disputes.
       4. The council also presided over religious ceremonies and was the final authority in making decisions on clan matters.
       5. Initiates formed the age – set system which was used to establish a military organization that defended the society from enemies.
       6. With the introduction of Islam, sheikhs became community leaders and used Islamic sharia/law.
20.  
    1. List five principles of democracy.     (5 marks)
       • Freedom of speech, debate and enquiry.
       • Free, fair and regular elections.
       • Open and accountable mass media.
       • Economic democracy i.e decentralization of economic power.
       • Equality before the law.        (Any 5x1=(5 marks) 
    2. Explain five characteristics of human rights.       (10 marks)
       • Are universal – human rights apply equally to everyone by virtue of being a human being.
       • Indivisible – one right cannot be applied if the other does not exist.
       • They are inherent/in born/intergral – naturally belong to human beings.
       • Have limitations ie we should respect the rights of others.
       • They are derogatory ie may be suspended under certain circumstances.         (Any 5x2=(10 marks)
21.  
    1. Write five challenges that hinder government’s effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya.        (5 marks)
       • Traditional/ cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from schooling.
       • Lack of enough schools/ inadequate educational facilities has made education inaccessibility in some regions/shortage of teachers.
       • High poverty levels in the society have made education unaffordable.
       • Misconceptions that one can succeed without education.
       • Nomadic way of life in some communities has hampered provision of education.
       • Negative attitude towards adult education programmers has resulted in low enrolment.
       • Insecurity in some regions eg Kapedo, Baragoi, Tana River, Kerio Valley.       (Any 5x1=(5 marks)
    2. Explain five challenges facing the agricultural sector in Kenya.      (10 marks)
       • Poor infrastructure in some parts of the country has led to great losses of farm produce thus reducing earnings of farmers.
       • The unstable prices of agriculture communities on the local/ world market have discouraged farmers.
       • Various parts of the country have been hit by drought thus forcing the government to provide relief food.
       • Farmers produce is often destroyed by pests after harvest leading to food shortage/ poor storage.
       • Poor technology/ use of traditional methods has contributed to low yields.
       • Political instigated ethnic clashes have discouraged farmers from carrying out intense farming due to insecurity.
       • The population of Kenya has been growing faster than gains made in the agricultural sector.
       • Corrupt government officials have grabbed/sold research land thereby affecting the operations of research institutions/ mismanagement of funds meant for agricultural development.
       • Farming has become a costly venture for most farmers are not able to meet the high costs of farm inputs.
       • Overproduction of similar agricultural products leads to wastage due to lack of buyers.
       • Shortage of agricultural extension officers has made it difficult for farmers to get advice on how to improve yields.
       • Mismanagement of cooperatives has impoverished farmers/ delayed payments to farmers.
       • Competition from COMESA/ industrialized nations has frustrated Kenyan farmers.     (Any 5x2=(10 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS)

22.  
    1. What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya?         (5 marks)
       • When in custody.
       • When he/ she is insane/ not of  sound mind.
       • If he/ she presents him/ herself in a constituency where he/she is not registered.
       • When discovered to have registered more than once.
       • When one does not have a voter’s card on the voting day/defective national ID..
       • When he/ she name does not appear in the voters register.
       • When he/her is time barred/ late.  (Any 5x1=(5 marks)
    2. Describe five roles of presiding officers during elections in Kenya.       (10 marks)
       • Are in charge of polling stations.
       • Conduct the polls in an orderly, free and fair manner at the polling station.
       • Ensure that every eligible voter votes only once.
       • Help illiterate voters mark ballot papers.
       • Seal the ballot boxes and transfer them to a central point in the polling stations where votes will be counted.
       • Maintain law and order at the polling station and report any irregularities to the returning officer.
       • Ensure that there if impartiality in conducting polls (fairness and openness).       (Any 5x2=(10 marks)
23.  
    1. Name the three national security organs in Kenya.     (3 marks)
       • Kenya Defense Forces.
       • National Intelligence Service.
       • National Police Service.     (Any 3x1=(3 marks)
    2. Explain six factors that make it difficult for the correctional services department in Kenya to work effectively.       (12 marks)
       • Over crawling leading to poor sanitation.
       • Inadequate facilities lead to outbreak of diseases eg cholera.
       • Inmates complain of mistreatment by warders.
       • Shortage of food, medical facilities and poor clothing.
       • Some inmates have become hardened thus difficult to rehabilitate.
       • Corruption has forced some prisoners to pay so as to get better services.
       • Poor living conditions/ low salaries of prison officers has demoralized them and affected their performance of duty.
       • Shortage of trained counselors to assist in reforming the inmates effectively.
       • Inadequate number of prison warders leads to overworking hence brutal handling of prisoners.       (Any 6x2=(12 marks)
24.  
    1. Write five accounts that the Auditor-General is mandated to audit.         (5 marks)
       • National and county government accounts.
       • Accounts of all funds and authorities of the national and county government.
       • Accounts of all courts.
       • Accounts of all commissions and in dependent offices.
       • Accounts of National Assembly, senate and county assemblies.
       • Accounts of all political parties funded from public funds.
       • The public debt.
       • Accounts of any other entity that the law requires the Auditor – General to audit.             (Any 5x1=(5 marks)
    2. Explain five functions of the Commission on Revenue Allocation.       (10 marks)
       • Making recommendations on the equitable sharing of revenue raised by the national government between the national and county governments.
       • Making recommendations on other financial matters and financial management by county governments.
       • Defining and enhancing revenue sources of the national and county government.
       • Encouraging fiscal responsibility to ensure accountability for funds through appropriate financial procedures.
       • Determining, publishing and regularly reviewing the policy in which it sets out the criteria by which it identifies the marginalized areas.
       • Submit its recommendations to the senate/ national Assembly, Executive Committee, County Assembly and County executives.            (Any 5x2=(10 marks)