Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Form 4 End Term 2 Exams 2023

• This paper consists of two sections A and B answer all questions in section A
• In section B answer question 6 and any other two questions.

SECTION A:

1.  
   1. Apart from draining swamp, state two other methods used in reclaiming land in Kenya. 2mks
   2. State three benefits that resulted from the reclamation of the Yala swamp. (3mks)
2.  
   1. Define ecotourism (2mks)
   2. Give three tourist attractions found in Turkana County. (3mks)
3.  
   1. State three problems facing hydro-electric power projects in Kenya. (3mks)
   2. State two ways in which Kenya has benefited from the development of geothermal power. (2mks)
4.  
   1. State three physical conditions that favour large scale maize cultivation in Trans-Nzoia district  in Kenya (3mks)
   2. State three problems facing maize farming in Kenya (3mks)
5.  
   1. Why is it necessary to conserve water? (2mks)
   2. How does terracing help in water conservation (2mks)

SECTION B: Answer question 6 and any two other questions from this section

6. The photograph provided shows means of railway transport used in Kenya.  Use it to answer questions a & b.
             
   1.  
      1. What evidence in the photograph shows that it is a ground general view type of photograph (3mks)
      2. Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the photograph              (1mk
      3. On it sketch and label four main features              (4mks)
   2.  
      1. Explain four reason why there are few rail links among African countries (8mks)
      2. Explain three measures which should be taken to improve inland water transport in Africa.          (6mks)
      3. State three advantages of containenzation.                                                          (3mks)
      4. State four benefitys Kenya benefits from air links with the rest of the world.   (4 mks)
7.  
   1.  
      1. Give three documents from where information on population data is obtained  (3mks)
      2. The pyramid below represent population structure in Sweden.
         
                                 Percentage of total population
         Describe the characteristics of population represented by the pyramid               (3mks)
   2.  
      1. Explain four positive effects of low population growth rate in a country. (8mks)
      2. Give three reasons it is necessary for the government of Kenya to carry out population census.                                 (3mks)
   3. Explain four causes of rural urban migration in Kenya (8mks)
8.  
   1.  
      1. Name three manufacturing industries found in Thika town.             (3mks)
      2. State three reasons why paper milling industries are located near rivers (3mks)
   2.  
      1. Explain four causes of the decline in the textile industry in Kenya.             (8mks)
      2. Outline five reasons why the County government of Murang’a should encourage foreign investors to establish Juakali industries in the county.             (5mks)
   3. Explain three problems arising from industrialization in Kenya.                       (6mks)
9.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term fisheries (2mks)
      2. Name three fresh water lake in Uganda where fishing takes place (3mks)
   2. Explain how the following factors favour fishing along the coast of North West  Atlantic fishing ground.
      1. Indented coastline                                                                                                    (2mks)
      2. Ocean Currents         (2mks)
   3.  
      1. Explain four reasons why in East Africa, fresh water fishing is more developed than marine fishing.      (8 Marks)
      2. Outline four similarities between fishing in Kenya and Japan              (8mks)
10.  
    1. The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth’s crust.  Use it to answer question a (i)
             
       
       1. Name the substance in the area, labeled L,M and N. (3mks)                   
       2. Give three by products obtained when crude oil is refined (3mks)
    2. State five negative effects of open cast mining on the environment (4mks)
    3.  
       1. Describe  the  stage involved in the processing of trona from lake Magadi.      (7mks)
       2. Explain four ways in which Kenya has benefited from mining of trona on lake Magadi.                 (8mks)

MARKING SCHEME

1. 1. Apart from draining swamp, state two other methods used in reclaiming land in Kenya. 2mks
      • Through irrigation
      • Through controlling pets
      • By introducing drought resistant crops
      • By using fertilizers/manure
      • By afforestation (2 x 1 = 2 Marks)
   2. State three benefits that resulted from the reclamation of the Yala swamp. (3mks)
      • Floods were controlled
      • Mosquitos (malaria diseases were controlled)
      • There was an increase in the land for agriculture/more land was made available for agriculture.
      • Better farming methods were introduced.  New crops were introduced eg oranges.
      • There was an increase in the employment opportunity.
2.  
   1. Define ecotourism (2mks)
      • It is the development and management of tourism while conserving the environment.
      • It is enjoying what nature provides while protecting it.
   2. Give three tourist attractions found in Turkana County. (3mks)
      • Historical sites
      • Sunny and warm climate
      • Traditional Culture
      • Wildlife
        (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
3.  
   1. State three problems facing hydro-electric power projects in Kenya. (3mks)
      • Seasonal fluctuation of water level in the river
      • Frequent silting of the reservoir
      • High cost of maintenance of machine
      • High cost of transmission of power from remote sites
      • Inadequate capital to expand projects
        (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
   2. State two ways in which Kenya has benefited from the development of geothermal power. (2mks)
      • It has provided alternative sources of energy
      • It has increased Kenya energy output
      • It has helped stabilize the cost of electricity for consumers.
      • It has increased employment opportunities
      • It has led to the reduction of importation of hydro-electric power from Uganda / has saved foreign exchange.
        (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Marks)
4.  
   1. State three physical conditions that favour large scale maize cultivation in Trans-Nzoia district  in Kenya (3mks)
      • Moderate to high temp ranging from 10Oc to 30Oc.
      • Moderate to high rainfall ranging from 800 to 2500mm.
      • Deep, well drained  volcanic soils
      • Sunny dry season for ripening
        (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
   2. State three problems facing maize farming in Kenya (3mks)
      • High cost of farm input/poor quality seeds
      • Unpredictable climate condition
      • Fluctuating low prices /delayed payment
      • Pest and diseases affecting the crop
      • Pest such as corn earth worm, silk worm, maize stalk borer , Army warms weaver bird
      • Diseases such as stalk rot /rust/smut, leaf bright.
      • Impassable roads during the rainy season.
      • Poor inadequate storage facilities/inadequate storage facilities
      • Inadequate capital
        (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
5.  
   1. Why is it necessary to conserve water? (2mks)
      • To ensure that there is enough supply of water for present and future generation
      • To maintain the hydrological balance
        ( 2  x 1 = 2Marks )
   2. How does terracing help in water conservation (2mks)
      • By reducing surface run –off which ensures that rain water seeps slowly into the ground
6. The photograph provided shows means of transport used in Kenya.  Use it to answer questions ( a )
   1.  
      1. What evidence in the photograph shows that it is a ground general view type of photograph
         • The photograph capture the broad view of area
         • The focus is on many objects
         • The objects become progressively smaller towards the background.  ( 3 x 1 = 3mks)
      2. Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the photograph (1mk)
         
      3. On it sketch and label four main features (4mks)
   2.  
      1. Explain four reason why there are few rail links among African countries (8mks)
         • Most of the existing rail lines were constructed by the colonialists who had no interest in linking the colonies.
         • The railway lines are of different railway ganges making it difficult for the countries to link them.
         • Political differences/political instability discourage  attempts to link the inner.
         • Inadequate capital limit construction of new lines and maintenance of railways.
         • Large areas of the continent are economically unproductive thus it would be uneconomical to link them by railway.
         • Difficult terrain /thick forest makes it expensive to construct rail lines.
         • Limited trade link due to production of similar commodities does not justify construction of railway line.
         • Competition form preference of other means of transport has led to neglect of railway transport               (4 x 2 = 8mks)
      2. Explain three measures which should be taken to improve inland water transport in  Africa.           (6mks)
         • The waterway should be dredged regularly to control siltation /maintain constant debt of Lakes and rivers for easier navigation.
         • Dams /Bareges should be constructed to control flooding hence allowing navigation.
         • Constructing canals canalizing the rivers where waterfall /rapids /rocks outcrop exist to by Pass  obstacles that hinder navigation.
         • Constant controlling of the growth of vegetation to allow free movement of vessels.
         • Using modern vessels/ports/equipment to improve efficiency of handling cargo passengers Service.
         • Removal of rock obstacles from the river bend to allow navigation. (Any 3 x 2 = 6 Marks)
      3. State three advantages of containerization. 3 Marks
         • Containers guard against destruction of goods
         • Containers make loading and offloading easy
         • Containers are in even shape hence occupies less apace saving in space
         • Containers safe on theft of goods since they are sealed.
         • Containers save time when loading and offloading.
           (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
      4. State four benefits Kenya benefits from air links with the rest of the world (4mks)
         • It encourages the growth of tourism
         • It promotes horticultural industry as perishable goods can be transported easily and  quickly.
         • It enables cultural exchange between Kenya and the rest of the world.
         • It promotes international cooperation and facilitates emergency facilities.
         • It earns foreign exchange from industries linked by the airways (Any 4 x 1 = 4 Marks)
7.  
   1.  
      1. Give three documents from where information on population data is obtained (3mks)
         • National census report
         • Text books
         • Magazines
         • Periodicals
         • Statistical abstracts (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
      2. The pyramid below represent population structure in Sweden. Describe the characteristics of population represented by the pyramid (3mks)
         • Sweden has a low birth rate
         • Sweden there is a high life expectancy
         • The fertility rate in Sweden is low
         • The dependency ration is low
         • Middle working population is high (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
   2.  
      1. Explain four positive effects of low population growth rate in a country. (8mks)
         • High purchasing power/ high standards of living / reduced dependency ratio as majority of the population is employed.
         • Reduced pressure on land making it available for economic activities
         • Low crime rate as most people are engaged in gainful activities
         • Provision of adequate  amenities as the government has few people to provide for.
         • The government save fund for economic development.
         • Low dependency ration allows for savings/investment /high standards of living.
           (Any 4 x 2 = 8 Marks)
      2. Give three reasons it is necessary for the government of Kenya to carry out population census. (3mks)
         • To determine total population
         • To determine trend in population
         • To plan for basic facilities
         • To make decision on new administrative area.
         • To determine the literacy level
         • To project the population growth
         • To help in distribution of resources (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
   3. Explain four causes of rural urban migration in Kenya (8mks)
      • Pressure on land make people to buy /look for land elsewhere and move to settle Future
      • People move from one rural area to another to plantation in search of employment
      • Insecurity in some rural areas makes people to move to safer places
      • Settling up of government projects causes displacement of people who are
      • Settled elsewhere/ such projects attract settlement in those areas (settlement Scheme).
      • Natural hazards force people to migrate to other areas for safety in search of food /pasture/water for their livestock.
      • Charges in land tenure system /inheritance /land disputes causes people to move and settle elsewhere. (Any 4 x 2 = 8 Marks)
8.  
   1.  
      1. Name three manufacturing industries found in Thika town. (3mks)
         • Motor assembly
         • Cigarette making
         • Leather goods /foot wear
         • Textile manufacturing (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
      2. State three reasons why paper milling industries are located near rivers (3mks)
         • The industries need large amount of water for cleaning
         • The industries use water for cooling
         • The industries dispose off their waste materials through water
         • Water provides cheap means of transport
         • Some industries are located near large rivers that may provide HEP
         • Water is used as a raw material in the industries
         • Some industries use water to debark the soap.  (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
   2.  
      1. Explain four causes of the decline in the textile industry in Kenya. (8mks)
         • Large scale importation of second hand clothes has reduced demand for locally  produced textile products /second hand clothes are cheaper than the locally produced new clothes.
         • There has been a decline in the production of Cotton which has led to limited supply of raw materials  for the textile industry.
         • Poor Management of textile factories has led to closure of such operation
         • Liberation of the economy has encouraged business people to import textile from other countries instead of selling locally produced one.
         • Belief that imported garments are superior to locally produced ones has reduced demand for local garments.
         • Decline in the economy has discouraged investors who would set up textile industries (Any 4 x 2 = 8 Marks)
      2. Outline five reasons why the County government of Murang’a should encourage foreign investors to establish Juakali industries in the county. (5mks)
         • It would create employment opportunities to the county
         • It would make use of materials that would otherwise be thrown away
         • It would save a country foreign exchange by producing goods that would otherwise be imported.
         • It would earn the county foreign exchange when jua kali products are exported.
         • It would encourage appropriate use of local resources.
         • It would generate income to the people of Murang’a
         • It would improve the standard of living to the residence due to improved income.        (Any 5 x 1 = 5 Marks
   3. Explain three problems arising from industrialization in Kenya. (6mks)
      • Industrialization has led to rural –urban migration which has increased the urban population leading to congestion. Shortage of houses/increase in crime.
      • Some industries emit toxic gases which are harmful to people and wildlife
      • Industrial effluent pollutes water source making the water unfit for human and animal use.
      • Fumes from chemical industries corrode metallic roofs of building hence destroying them.
      • Concentration of infrastructure and social services in the industrial centre has caused imbalance in economic development.
      • Careless dispatch/ dumping of industrial waste has led to the degradation of land.
      • Some industries have led to the development of people thus disrupting their social and economic life’s.
        (Any 3 x 2 = 6 Marks)
9.  
   1.  
      1. Define the term fisheries
         • Fisheries are water bodies where exploitation of aquatic organisms is carried out.    ( 2Marks)
      2. Name three fresh water lake in Uganda where fishing takes place
         • L. Victoria
         • L. Kyoga
         • L. Albert
         • L. George
         • L. Edward (Any 3 x 1 =3Marks)
   2. Explain how the following factors favours fishing along the coast of North West Atlantic fishing ground.
      1. Indented coastline                                                                                                   
         • These provides secure breeding grounds for fish because the bay is sheltered from sea waves. (2mks)
         • The sheltered bay provides suitable sites for building fishing ports/fish landing sites. (2mks)
      2. Ocean Currents
         • The meeting of cold and warm current causes up- welling of ocean water which brings plankton /fish food to the surface. (2mks)
         • Cold ocean current provides ideal water temperature for survival of numerous species of fish /growth of plankton (2mks)
   3.  
      1. Explain  four reasons why in East Africa, fresh water fishing is more developed than marine fishing.                                             
         • There are numerous inland fishing grounds such as lakes and rivers which are accessible to many people.
         • There is low demand for sea fish compared to fresh water fish making fresh water fishing more preferable.
         • The narrow continental shelf along the coast of East Africa limit the growth of planktons thus limiting the breeding of fish /limiting the variety of edible fish.
         • The stiff competition in the open sea from industrialized countries whose fishermen use modern fishing equipment discourages local fishermen.The limited technology and inadequate capital makes it difficult to develop marine fishing.
           (Any 4 x 2 = 8 Marks)
      2. Outline four similarities between fishing in Kenya and Japan (8mks)
         • In both countries inland and marine fishing activities are carried out.
         • In both countries there is over exploitation of fishers
         • In both countries fish farming projects have been established to supplement natural fisheries
         • In both countries modern methods of preserving and processing fish such as refrigerated vessel and fuleting  are used.
         • In both countries the fish caught is consumed locally and exported in both countries fish is used as a raw material in the manufacture of fertilizers, cosmetics and medicine.
         • In both countries the government promotes fishing through legislation /research/ conservation methods.
           (Any 4 x 2 = 8 Marks)
10.  
    1. The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth’s crust.  Use it to answer question a
       1. Name the substance in the area, labeled L,M and N. (3mks)
          L - Oil                              1mk
          M - Underground water    1mk
          N - Natural gas                 1mk
       2. Give three by products obtained when crude oil is refined (3mks)
          • Bitumen
          • Wax
          • Lubricant such as grease
          • Petrochemical    ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
    2.  State four negative effects of open cast mining on the environment (4mks)
       • Mining cause dereliction of land
       • Mining cause pollution of water and land
       • Mining cause instability of basement rock
       • Mining lead to destruction /loss of diversity
       • it cause soil erosion /soil degradation
         
       • It causes mass wasting when explosive and heavy equipment used in mining shake the ground. ( Any 4 x 1 = 4 Marks)
    3.  
       1. Describe  the  stage involved in the processing of trona from lake Magadi. (7mks)
          • On reaching the factory, trona is separated from water by being put on large sieve like trap.
          • YThe water from the trona is directed back into the lake
          • The trona is then washed to remove impurities such as mud and salt.  It is helped on the   ground to dry.After drying it is heated in huge cylinders called desiceators.
          • The heating separates sodium carbonate (soda ash) from sodium bicarbonate
          • When heating is complete, the soda is allowed to cool.
          • The soda ash is then ground into powder and sieved
          • The powder is packed in paper n Jute bags ready for transportation to the market.
            (  7 x 1 = 7Marks NB Sequence must be followed for one to score)
       2. Explain four ways in which Kenya has benefited from mining of trona on lake Magadi.     (8mks)
          • Trona has generated employment opportunities which raise the standard of living.
          • It has led to establishment of industries by providing raw materials eg glass industries
          • It has led to provision of social amenities eg hospitals, schools hence improving living standards.
          • Mining trona has stimulated the development of transport lines eg it has led to the growth of Magadi town.
          • The company that runs the mining of trona has improved the living standards of the local people by providing free water for domestic and livestock use.
          • The government earns revenue through taxation of the earning from the sale of soda ash. Petrochemical
            ( Any 4 x 2 = 8 Marks)