GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2¾ HOURS.
Instructions to candidates
- This paper has two sections: A and B . Answer ALL questions in section A.
- In section B, answer question 6 (Six) and any other two questions.
- Use the map of Arica below to answer question 1. (a)
- Name the countries markea D, E and F (3mks)
- State two problems facing communication in Africa (2mks)
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- Give three characteristics of the cottage industry in India (3mks)
- State three reasons why some industries are located near the source of raw materials(3mks)
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- Name three crops grown in Kenya that are processed to produce vegetable oil(3mks)
- Give two exotic breeds of cattle reared in commercial ranches in Kenya (2mks)
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- Identify two renewable sources of energy which are exploited in Kenya industry (2mks)
- State three effects of liberation of the oil in Kenya.(3mks)
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- Outline two uses of diamonds (2mks)
- Identify the minerals found in the following areas in East Africa (2mks)
- Kariandusi
- Kerio Valley
SECTION B
Answer question 6 (Compulsory) and any other two from this section
- Study the photograph below and use it to answer question (a)
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- Identify the photograph shown (1mk)
- Name two types of cattle breeds shown in the photograph (2mks)
- Citing evidence from the photograph, suggest the time of the day when the photograph was taken (2mks)
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- State four problems experienced by farmers shown in the photograph above (4mks)
- Give three reasons why nomadic pastoralists keep large herd of animals (3mks)
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- Draw a rectangle measuring 10cm by 8cm to represent the photograph (1mk)
- On the drawn rectangle, sketch and label four main features shown on the photograph (4mks)
- Explain four measure taken by the government of Kenya to improve nomadic pastoralism (8mks)
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- What is forestry? (2mks)
- Name two exotic species of trees planted in Kenya (2mks)
- Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (b) (i) and (ii
- Name the areas Marked J, K and L (3 mks)
- State and explain 3 characteristics of the forest area on the map marked (1)(6mks)
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- What is agro-forestry? (2mks)
- Give four reasons why afforestation is being encouraged in Kenya (5mks)
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- Compare forestry in Canada and Kenya under the following subheadings
- Tree harvesting (2mks)
- Marketing of forest products (2mks)
- State one problem that affects forestry in Canada. (1mk)
- Compare forestry in Canada and Kenya under the following subheadings
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- Differentiate between fisheries and fish farming (2mks)
- Identify two major fishing grounds in the Atlantic Ocean (2mks)
- State two advantages of upwelling of the ocean water in relation to fishing (2mks)
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- Give three methods used to preserve fish (3mks)
- Explain three ways in which the Kenya government is promoting fishing industry in the country(6mks)
- Study the photograph provided and answer the questions below.
- Identify the main activity taking place in the area shown on the photograph (1mk)
- Suggest two places in Kenya where this photograph might have been taken (2mks)
- Name the country where fishing is compared to Kenya (1mk)
- You recently carried out a field study on fish farming at Sagana fisheries
- Name the main type of fish reared in the area (1mk)
- State three physical conditions that favoured fish farming in the area (3mks)
- Give two problems facing fish farming in the area (2mks)
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- Use the sketch map below to answer the questions that follow.
- Name two settlement patterns to the South of the area represented by the sketch map (2mks)
- Explain how government policy may influence the distribution of human settlement (2mks)
- The map below shows the location of some urban centres in East Africa
- Name the towns marked P, Q and R (3mks)
- Name the minerals that influenced the growth of the towns marked X and Y (2mks)
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- Explain how the following factors have led to the growth of Thika town.
- Hinterland (2mks)
- Transport (2mks)
- Identify three differences in the functions of Nairobi and New York (6mks)
- Explain three positive effects of urbanization to a country (6mks)
- Explain how the following factors have led to the growth of Thika town.
- Use the sketch map below to answer the questions that follow.
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- Apart from draining swamps, give two other methods through which land has been reclaimed in Kenya.(2mks)
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- Name two rivers that supply water to Mwea Tabere Irrigation Scheme (2mks)
- Name three areas which make up Zuider Zee reclamation project in the Netherlands (3mks)
- Give three differences between land reclamation in Kenya and the Netherlands (6mks)
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- State two ways in which each of the following problems experienced the Mwea Irrigation Scheme can be solved. (2mks).
- Low prices of rice (2mks)
- fluctuating water levels in the irrigation canals (2mks)
- Explain two achievements of Perkerra Irrigation Scheme (4mks)
- State two ways in which each of the following problems experienced the Mwea Irrigation Scheme can be solved. (2mks).
- You intend to carry out a field study in Mwea Tabere Irrigation Scheme.
- Identify the two types of hypothesis you would develop for the study (2mks)
- Name two other crops grown in the scheme that you are likely to identify
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MARKING SCHEME
Section A
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- Countries
- D-Morocco
- E-Cote D'ivoire / Ivory Coast
- F- Angola
- Two problems facing communication in Africa
- Inadequate capita
- Poor technology and shortage of skilled labour
- Unfavorable laws Language barriers
- Security
- Countries
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- Three characteristics of the cottage industry in India
- Industry relies on simple equipment/ machines
- Labour intensive
- It is owned by a family/families
- Uses locally available raw materials
- Produces goods mainly for local markets
- It is widespread in the country
- 3 reasons why some industries are located near the source of raw materials
- The raw materials may be too bulky thus expensive to transport
- Some raw materials are perishable so they have to be processed before transportation
- Processing reduces transport cost
- Three characteristics of the cottage industry in India
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- Name 3 crops grown in Kenya that are processed to produce vegetable oil Maize/ corn
- Cashew nuts Sunflower
- Coconut Ground nuts/ peanuts
- Cotton Simsim
- Soya beans
- Give two exotic breeds of cattle reared in commercial ranches in Kenya
- Aberden Angus
- Charolois
- Short hom
- Santa Gertrudis
- Hereford
- Red Angus
- Galloway
- Name 3 crops grown in Kenya that are processed to produce vegetable oil Maize/ corn
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- Identify 2 renewable sources of energy which are exploited in Kenya
- Water/ tides/ Biomass
- Wind Water/ Charcoal
- Drought/ Sun/ Animals
- Steam/Geothermal/ Hot Springs
- State 3 effects of liberation of the oil in Kenya
- It has created variation in prices of petroleum products
- It has led to mushrooming of many petroleum dealers
- It has encouraged importation of refined petroleum products
- It has caused frequent price adjustments by oil dealers.
- It has created widespread availability of petroleum products.
- Identify 2 renewable sources of energy which are exploited in Kenya
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- Uses of diamonds
- Cutting metals
- As abrasive for drilling purposes
- For polishing purposes from dust diamond
- Used as jewels
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- Kariandusi - Diatomite
- Kerio valley - Fluorspar
- Uses of diamonds
Section B
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- Ground general view photograph
- Zebu - Boran
- Round noon (mid-day) due to very short shadows of the cattle.
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- Shortage/ inadequate
- pasture and water Cattle rustling cattle raids from neighbours
- Shortage of market for their cattle
- Outbreak of diseases Shortages of veterinary services
- Uncontrolled breeding leads to poor-quality animals
- Overgrazing leads to soil crosion
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- Animals are kept as a sign of wealth prestige/social status
- Animals are kept to pay dowry.
- Animals are kept as a source of food milk/meat/ blood
- Large number act as insurance against diseases drought
- Animals are a source of income
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- Rectangle measuring 10cm by 8cm represent the photograph
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- Encouraging cross breeding to improve on the quality of the animals
- It has revived the Kenya meat commission to buy animals from formers
- By educating farmers on better and modern livestock management
- By sinking boreholes digging wells constructing dams to provide water for animals
- By improving/re-carpeting roads to make services more accessible to farmers
- By encouraging the practice of ranching for better management to livestock
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- Forestry is the science of planting/ managing forests and associated resources.
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- Pine
- Wattle Cypress
- Cedar
- Blue gum/ Eucalyptus
- Crevilen Kei-apple
- Bomb
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- J-Mt. Kenya
- K-Araboko Sokoke
- L-Mount Elgon
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- High rainfall over 1000mm per year which encourages growth of trees
- Deep well drained soils allowing root to penetrate deep into the ground
- Moderate to high temperatures allows growth of variety of trees.
- Gazettement area hence human settlement and cultivation is prolibited allowing natural forests to grow
- Steep rugged topography discourages human settlement allowing forest growth.
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- Agro-forestry is the growing of trees and food crops on the same piece of land.
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- To protect water catchment areas
- To protect soil from crosion by water/ wind
- To ensure supply of forest products
- To put more land under forest cover
- To regulate climate
- To check ion extinction of indigenous trees
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- Tree harvesting
- In Kenya harvesting is done throughout the year while in Canada its done in winter and spring .
- In Kenya harvesting is done selectively while in Canada clear cutting is done
- Marketing of forest products
- In Kenya forests products are sold mainly locally while in
- Canada the products are mainly exported.
- Tree harvesting
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- Accidental fires occur occasionally
- Some areas re too ragged hindering exploitation .
- Some area have undergone over exploitation .
- Long/ cold climate makes trees take too long to mature
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- Differentiate between fisheries and fish farming
- Fisheries are water bodies where aquatic organisms/ fish are found/ reared for exploitation while fish farming is the rearing of fish in ponds.
- Major fishing grounds in the Atlantic ocean
- NW Atlantic fishing ground
- NE Atlantic fishing ground
- Two advantages of upwelling
- Improves the circulation of oxygen or fish
- Results to dispersal of nutrients for the fish
- Differentiate between fisheries and fish farming
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- 3 methods used to preserve fish
- Canning
- Freezing
- Smoking
- Salting
- Sun-drying
- 3 ways in which Kenya government is promoting fishing industry in the country
- Fishermen are given loans
- By encouraging fish farming/hatcheries to supply fish farmers with fingerlings
- Fishermen are encouraged to farm cooperatives
- Seasonal restrictions in fishing in some areas
- Research is carried out overfished areas are restocked with fingerlings.
- Laws have been enacted against water fisheries
- There is standardization of size off nets used in fishing
- 3 methods used to preserve fish
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- The main activity taking place in the photograph is
- fishing
- Two places in Kenya where this photograph might have been taken
- Lake victoria
- Lake Baringo
- Lake Naivasha
- Lake Turkana
- The country where fishing is compared to Kenya is
- Japan
- The main activity taking place in the photograph is
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- Tilapia
- Three conditions that favoured fish farming in the area
- Soil type-clay for water retention
- Water - constant supply of water to refill the ponds (river Ragati)
- Climate-warm climate that favours the rearing of tilapia fish (common one)
- Topography - gentle sloping-topography to allow water in and out of the ponds.
- Two problems facing fish arming in the area
- Predators - birds eg. king fisher
- Floods - ends up sweeping away some fish especially the fingerlings
- Diseases-e.g. nematodes
- Insufficient capital for construction of facilities such as cages and ponds
- Theft from the local people who steal fish at night
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- Nucleated settlement
- Sparse settlement
- Government policy and distribution of human settlement
- The government may gazette certain areas as reserves thus controlling settlements.
- The government may also set up settlement schemes to resettle the landless.
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- Town P-Kampala
- Q-Kigoma
- R- Mandera
- Minerals in
- X - Diamond
- Y-Trona/ Soda ash
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- How the following influence growth of Thika town
- Hinterland - Thika town is located in an raw with a rich agricultural hinterland which provide raw materials for industries/ food for the population The hinterland is densely populated hence provide cheap labour market
- Transport: Thika is served by railways line and roads which provide casy movement of people/food/ raw materials finished products.
- Two differences in the function of Nairobi and Yew York
- Nairobi is an inland/ dry port while New York is a seaport.
- Nairobi is a national capital While New York is a state capital
- Nairobi is a regional commercial centre whilo New York is an international Commercial centre
- Three positive effects of urbanization to a country
- It encourages national unity as people of different nationalities
- ethnic backgrounds interact.
- It promotes links with many areas as transport and communication networks tead to radiate from urban centres
- It provides employment opportunities through the establishment of commercial and industrial activities.
- They attract large population that provides labour.
- It leads to development of social amenities both within the urban centres and the surrounding rural areas hence raise peoples standard of living
- It provides market for agricultural industrial goods/products in a country hence reduce wastage/ promote welfare of the people
- How the following influence growth of Thika town
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- Through irrigation
- Through pest control
- By introducing drought resistant crops
- Using fertilizer/ manure
- By afforestation
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- Rivers that supply water to Mwea Tabere irrigation scheme
- Thiba rive
- Nyumindi river
- Murabara river
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- Markerwaad
- South Flevoland
- North Eastern Polde
- Wieringer Mee Port
- Differences between land reclamation in Kenya and the Netherlands
- In Kenya the area that is reclaimed is relatively small while the area reclaimed in Netherlands are large.
- In Kenya land is mainly reclaimed from swamps and marginal areas while in Netherlands reclamation is from the sea
- In Kenya irrigation is used as a means of reclaiming dry area while in Netherlands irrigation is used to lower the salinity of the soil in the reclaimed lands
- In Kenya the methods of land reclamation are simpld digging canals/ ditches to drain water from the land while in the Netherlands the method used are highly advanced like reclaiming land from the sca/creation of polders lo Kenya dykes are used to control river floods while in Netherlands dykes protect the reclaimed land from invasion by the sea
- Rivers that supply water to Mwea Tabere irrigation scheme
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- Diversifying the crops produced in the scheme
- Improving the quality of rice produced, through research
- The government should restrict the importation of rice to reduce competition .
- The farmers should improve marketing strategies to enable
- farmers to source for market outside Kenya
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- Continuous dredging of canals deepening of canals
- Construction of dams to store water for use during dry season
- Goverment to enforce laws on proper land use in the catchment areas of the rivers that supply water to the scheme
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- The scheme has managed to turn a semi-arid area with less than 630mm annual rainfall into productive land
- The scheme supplies agricultural produce to the Kenyan market
- The scheme has created employment opportunities for the local population, hence improving their living standards
- The scheme is a source of livelihood for the local farmers and their dependent
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- Null hypothesis
- Alternative hypothesi
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- Maize
- Beans
- Tomatoes
- Vegetables
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