Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Samia Joint Mock Examination 2023

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES.

• This paper has two sections: A and B.
• Answer all questions in section A.
• Answer question 6 (compulsory) and any other two questions from section B.

SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in section A.

1.  
   1. State two factors that determine the mode of occurrence of minerals. (2mks)
   2. Give three ways in which mining causes land derelictions. (3mks)
2.  
   1. State two reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are undeveloped (2mks)
   2. State three ways through which fish farming contributes to the economy of Kenya (3mks)
3.  
   1. State three ways in which the government policy influences location of industries in Kenya (3mks)
   2. Give two reasons that led to the growth of steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany ( 2mks)
4.  
   1. Give two trading blocks in Africa (2mks)
   2. Identify three political problems facing regional trading blocks in Africa (3mks)
5.  
   1. State two ways in which communication contributes to economic development in Kenya ( 2mks)
   2. Highlight three problems facing railway transport in Africa ( 3mks)

SECTION B
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and any other two questions from this section

6. Use the table below to answer the following questions.
   Kenya’s agricultural production in 000 tonnes between 2014 -2017
   

   Items/year	2014	2015	2016	2017
   Horticulture	57,965	49,352	40,170	68,123
   Tea	55,383	64,684	87,960	10,045
   Coffee	6,859	9,563	15,449	17,826
   Dairy products	8,368	11,496	11,346	15,548

   
   
   1. Apart from comparative line graph, name four other methods that can be used to represent thee above data. (4mks)
   2.  
      1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 20,000 tons, draw a comparative line graph to represent the above data. (8mks)
      2. State three advantages of using comparative line graph to represent statistical data. (3mks)
      3. Give reasons that may have led to the low production between 2016-2017 (6mks)
   3. Give four physical conditions that favor dairy farming in Kenya (4mks)
7.  
   1.  
      1. What is forestry? (2mks)
      2. Apart from tropical hardwood forests, name two other types of natural forests (2mks)
      3. State the problems experienced in exploitation of tropical hardwood forests (3mks)
   2. List five characteristics of planted forests in Kenya (5mks)
   3. Explain three factors that favor forestry in Canada (6mks)
   4. Explain five measures that the government has taken to conserve and manage forests in Kenya (10mks)
8.  
   1. Apart from irrigation give four methods of land reclamation in Kenya (4mks)
   2. Explain four physical factors which influenced the location of Mwea irrigation scheme (8mks)
   3.  
      1. Name three crops grown in polders in Netherlands (3mks)
      2. Describe the stages of reclamation of land from sea in the Netherlands (6mks)
   4. State four benefits of land reclamation in the Netherlands (4mks)
9.  
   1. Differentiate between a national park and a game reserve (2mks)
   2.  
      1. State four reasons for establishing national parks in Kenya (4mks)
      2. Identify two examples of game sanctuaries in Kenya (2mks)
   3.  
      1. Define domestic tourism (2mks)
      2. State four factors that hinder domestic tourism in Kenya (4mks)
      3. State three problems associated with tourism in Kenya (3mks)
   4. Explain four factors that make Switzerland receive more tourists than Kenya . (8mks)
10.  
    1. Define the following terms
       1. Urban sprawl (2mks)
       2. Conurbation (2mks)
    2. Use the sketch map below to answer Questions
                             
       1. Name the settlement pattern marked P, Q and R (3mks)
       2. Explain four factors that favour the development of the settlement pattern marked R (8mks)
    3. State factors which led to the growth of Eldoret town as an agricultural center. (4mks)
    4. State the differences in functions between the cities of New York and Nairobi. (6mks)

MARKING SCHEME

1.  
   1. State two factors that determine the mode of occurrence of minerals. (2mks)
      1. Vulcanicity - cooling and solidification of magma in cracks / deposition due to evaporation by hot water from hot springs & geysers.
      2. Metamorphism - High pressure & heat causing recrystallization / hot magma intruding into the rocks cause recrystallization.
      3. Sedimentation - accumulation of minerals during formation of sedimentary rocks/ formation of coral limestone / formation of coal seams after being buried in extensive swamps.
      4. Evaporation  - in arid and semi-arid areas leading to high concentration of mineral salts.
      5. Weathering - where rocks are deeply weathered chemically to form bauxite, nickel, manganese.
      6. Erosion - dislodge mineral particles which are later deposited as alluvium on river and lake beds. (any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
   2. Give three reasons why land dereliction occurs. (3mks)
      • Unwillingness by the mining companies to spend money on rehabilitation projects.
      • Anxiety of the developing countries to exploit mineral resources without considering the consequences.
      • No/ lack/poor enforcement by governments on laws / legislation on land rehabilitation.     (any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
2.  
   1. State two reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are undeveloped
      • The continental shelf is narrow
      • Coastline is fairly straight/has few indentation
      • The water is warm for fish breeding/Shallow continental shelf/lack of upwelling of water
      • Low demand for fish locally
      • Fishermen lack modern equipment for deep sea fishing
      • Inadequate storage facilities
   2.  
      1. State three ways through which fish farming contributes to the economy of Kenya
         • Fish are exported earning the country foreign exchange
         • It creates employment raising living standards
         • Fish farmers earn income through the sale of fish
         • It stimulates growth and expansion of fish related industries
3.  
   1. State three ways in which the government policy influences location of industries in Kenya
      • Legislating industrial lands that restricts industrial location to given areas.
      • Offering special concessions/functional support to industrialists towards industrial locations
      • Developing of sources of power/hydroelectric power/geothermal.
      • Government may set aside land for the location of certain industries.
      • Providing security in areas where industries are meant to be established/located.
      • Government may provide technical support/advise on industrial locations.
      • Signing industrial location agreements with other countries
      • Government may influence decentralization of some industries 3x1=3mks
   2. Give two reasons that led to the growth of steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany
      • Large iron ore deposits adjacent to the coalfield
      • Availability of limestone for iron and steel industry
      • Availability of local stalled labour formed the foundation of iron and steel industry
      • Extensive coalfield mined using open cast method.
      • Excellent transport roots and position of rivers Rhine which linked the region to the rest of Germany and Europe.
      • Rhine and its tributaries provided water required for cooling machine in the industry. 2x1=2mks
4.  
   1. Give two trading blocks in Africa
      • Common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
      • South African Development Community (SADC)
      • Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)
      • East African Community (EAC) 2x1=2mks
   2. Identify three political problems facing regional trading blocks in Africa
      • Civil war/insecurity in some countries
      • Political differences among leaders
      • Negative publicity of goods among countries
      • Inadequate institutional/policy frame work
      • Ideological differences among some African countries
      • Many African countries are still aligned to their former colonial masters 3x1=3mks
5.  
   1. State two ways in which communication contributes to economic development in Kenya
      • Technological efficiency in communication makes business transactions easier/faster
      • Modern communication network allows for the speed of ideas/information for decision making which enhances economic development.
      • Communication promotes development or related industries/business opportunities
      • Communication connectivity promotes mobility of labour
      • Individual companies/government earn income/derives revenue from communication.
      • Communication facilitates marketing of products thus a wider market. 4x2=8mks
   2.  
      • Highlight three problems facing railway transport in Africa
      • African countries use different railway gauge which makes it difficult to have on integrated railway transport system/transshipment of goods.
      • Construction of railways requires large amount of capital that most countries lack, either to extend or maintain the existing lines.
      • Accidents/vandalism/uprooting of the railway line causes great loses/delays in transportation.
      • Tropical storm waters at time wash away vital sections of the railway lines thereby disrupting/causes accidents.
      • Railway transport forces stiff competition from the faster/flexible means of transport such as road and air transport hence underutilization of railway facilities.
      • Fuelling /maintenance of railway stations and other relief overhead costs are high thus reducing probity margins.
6. Use the table below to answer the following questions.
   Kenya’s agricultural production in 000 tones between 2014 -2017
   

   Items/year	2014	2015	2016	2017
   Horticulture	57,965	49,352	40,170	68,123
   Tea	55,383	64,684	87,960	10,045
   Coffee	6,859	9,563	15,449	17,826
   Dairy products	8,368	11,496	11,346	15,548

   
   
   1. Apart from comparative line graph, name four other methods that can be used to represent the above data.
      • Pie chart/divided circles
      • Comparative bar graph/ compound bar graph cumulative bar graph
      • Proportional circles 4x1=4mks
   2.  
      1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 20,000 tones, draw a comparative line graph to represent the above data. 8mks
      2. State three advantages of using comparative line graph to represent statistical data.
         • They are easy to draw
         • They allow comparison
         • They are easy to read and interpret
         • They give clear visual impression
         • They can be used to show a wide range of data 3x1=3mk
   3. Give reasons that may have led to the low production between 2016-2017
      • Indegioneous breeds hence low milk production
      • Inadequate capital to buy quality feed/high cost of vetering services.
      • Use of low quality feeds/inadequate foliage for the animals
      • Few inadequate extension services to provide intensive veterinary care.
      • Outbreak of diseases
      • Mismanagement of dairy industry any 3x2=6mks
   4. Give four physical conditions that favor dairy farming in Kenya
      • Plenty nutritious grass/fodder/pasture
      • Reliable constant supply of water
      • Volcanic loam/clay soil
      • Gently sloping undulating landscape
      • Low/high /moderate/altitude
      • Moderate temperature/10-30oC/cool/warm
      • Well drained soils     4x1=4mks
7.  
   1.  
      1. What is forestry?
         • Is the science of developing and cultivating forests and utilizing them. 2x1=2mks
      2. Apart from tropical hardwood forests, name two other types of natural forests
         • Temperate hardwood
         • Coniferous forests/temperate softwood
         • Montane forest
         • Mangrove forest       2x1=2mks
      3. State the problems experienced in exploitation of tropical hardwood forests
         • Impassable roads
         • Hot humid climate
         • Trees take longtime to mature
         • Forests are dense/thick making movement difficult
         • Trees mature at different time making harvesting difficult and expensive.
         • Forest are mixed tree species making exploitation difficult and almost impossible.
         • Tree trunks are huge, supported by buttress roots hence difficult to exploit
         • The trees are heavy/bulky making transportation difficult.
         • Attack by wild animals
         • Presence of tree climbers/linear     5x1=5mks
   2. List five characteristics of planted forests in Kenya
      • Trees appear in rows.
      • They are of same species.
      • They are mainly softwoods.
      • They have little /no under growth
      • They take short time to mature
      • They appear in blocks/same height
      • Are located in highland areas
      • Are scientifically managed   5x1=5mks
   3. Explain three factors that favor forestry in Canada
      • The valley bottoms along the coast form suitable sites for location of paper mills.
      • There are many rivers with waterfalls
      • Suitable for generation of hydro-electric power for use in the industry
      • Low temperature/ cold climate in the highlands discourage settlement/agriculture leaving forestry as the only land use.
      • The land scape is rugged within soils that discourage agriculture activities/settlement therefore most of the mountain slopes are under
      • Moderate to high rainfall throughout the year favors luxuriant growth of forests
      • Presence of rivers which provide cheap water transport to transport logs to factories/presence of snow which facilitate movement.
      • There is ready market of forests products in Canada and USA 3X2=6mks
   4. Give five measures that the government has taken to conserve and manage forests in Kenya
      • It has directed/enforcing laws to prohibit the cutting of trees without a license/protecting indigenoustrees.
      • It has established forest research stations to conduct research on tree species.
      • The green belt movement/Nema/laws encourage protection of people to use an alternative source of energy
      • The tree planting programmes are drawn during rainy seasons and implemented.
      • It encourages people to use energy saving jikos.
      • It has declared endangered forests as forest reserves/gazeting     5x1=5
8.  
   1. Apart from irrigation give four methods of land reclamation in Kenya
      • Draining swamps
      • Improving soil through use of manure and fertilizers
      • Controlling soil erosion
      • By afforestation
      • Though controlling pests     4x1=4mks
   2. Explain four physical factors which influenced the location of Mwea irrigation scheme
      • Availability of extensive land which influenced the location of mwea.
      • Warm climatic conditions/high temperature suitable for growth of rice
      • Presence of Rhine nyamindi and thiba /murubara which provide water for irrigation throughout the year.
      • The area is gently sloping which allows mechanization/flow of water by gravity
      • Presence of block cotton soil/ clay which is suitable for rice cultivation/water retention.
      • The low unreliable rainfall making irrigation the only alternative.      4x2=8mks
   3.  
      1. Name three crops grown in polders in Netherlands.
         • Rice
         • Wheat
         • Vegetables
         • Fruits
         • Potatoes
         • Oats
         • Beetroots
         • Flowers
         • Sugar beets   3x1=3mks
      2. Describe the stages of reclamation of land from sea in the Netherlands’
         • Protective dykes/sea walls are constructed to enclose the port of the sea which is to be reclaimed.
         • Ring canals are constructed on the interior sides of the dykes to carry away excess water.
         • Pumping stations are installed to pump water from enclosed area.
         • Water is pumped out of the area enclosed by the dykes.
         • Reeds are planted to drain excess water and use up excess salt.
         • Drainage ditches and more pumping stations are put on the land being reclaimed.
         • Drainage pipes are laid below the soil
         • Inner dykes and ring canals are used to divide area into regular portions.
         • Soils are treated with chemicals to lower salinity.
         • Drained land is flushed with fresh water to remove salt from the soil.
         • Water is pumped from the polder regularly to avoid its accumulation. 6x1=6mks
   4. state four benefits of land reclamation in the Netherlands
      • Has erected more land for agriculture/settlement
      • Has provided agricultural output
      • Has resulted in improved fresh water supply for domestic/industrial use.
      • Construction of dykes/canals has improved transport network.
      • Has created sceneries for tourists attractions
      • Reclamation and associated activities hence created job opportunities 4x1=4mks
9.  
   1. Differentiate between a national park and a game reserve (2mrks)
      • A national park is an area set aside for the preservation of wildlife .Such an area may be fenced off and is usually managed and controlled by government agencies while a Game reserve is an area set aside for the preservation of wildlife but the local communities are allowed to graze their animals in the area. Game reserves are managed by local authorities of the areas they are located
   2.  
      1. State four reasons for establishing national parks in Kenya (4mrks)
         • To preserve natural beauty
         • To conserve wildlife/plants and animals
         • To promote tourism/provide areas for recreation
         • To create an environment for education and research
         • To create employment opportunities for the citizens
         • To generate revenue
      2. Identify two examples of game sanctuaries in Kenya (2mrks)
         • Mwaluganje national reserve in kwale county is an elephant sanctuary
         • Tana river primate reserve for monkeys and baboons
         • Lake Baringo reptile park for snakes
   3.  
      1. Define domestic tourism (2mrks)
         • Is the visit of the citizens of a country to places of interest within that country
      2. State four factors that hinder domestic tourism in Kenya (4mrks)
         • High cost of hiring tourist vehicles discourages people from touring
         • High cost of accommodation in game lodges and other tourist facilities discourages the locals
         • Insecurities by gangsters in some national parks scares away people from visiting
         • Lack of familiarity with tourist attraction among some local people makes them fail to appreciate their beauty and value
         • Inadequate local campaign and advertisement of tourist destination leads to low public awareness
         • Roads leading to the tourist attraction sites are undeveloped thus discouraging people from visiting such sites
      3. State three problems associated with tourism in Kenya (3mks)
         • Erosion of cultural values/moral degradation occurs as people want to imitate foreign culture
         • It may encourage antisocial behavior like prostitution and drug abuse
         • Encourage poaching as the locals are in need of money and kill animals to get ivory
         • Scaring of animals due to influx of people in vans which disrupts the animals
         • School drop out . Children are enticed to leave school to show tourists around
         • Delicate. It is a delicate industry that cannot be relied upon as the main source of revenue. Political disturbance alters the mood of tourists
   4. Explain four factors that make Switzerland receive more tourists than Kenya . (8mrks)
      • Switzerland is located in central Europe making it easily accessible to tourists from Europe , the major source of tourists
      • The peaceful atmosphere in Switzerland encourages tourists as opposed to Kenya where there are occasional reports of insecurity which scare away potential tourists
      • Switzerland has more efficient marketing systems than Kenya
      • The well developed transport network in Switzerland provides easy access to tourist sites like electrified railways and cable cars whereas in Kenya many roads are undeveloped
      • In Switzerland the hotel industry is advanced while in Kenya the hotel industry is still advancing
      • It is easy to communicate with tourists in Switzerland due to the many languages spoken as opposed to Kenya where English is the only major language
10.  
    1. Define the following terms.
       1. Urban sprawl (2mks)
          • The spreading of urban developments on underdeveloped land near a city.
       2. Conurbation (2mks)
          • Is a region comprising a number of cities, large town and other urban areas that through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area
    2. Use the sketch map below to answer questions
       1. Name the settlement pattern marked P, Q and R (3mks)
          P – Nucleated settlement pattern
          Q – Dispersed settlement pattern
          R – Linear settlement pattern
       2. Explain four factors that favor the development of the settlement pattern marked R (8mks)
          • Presence of a road which is a means of transport.
          • Presence of a river which provides water for domestic and commercial use.
          • A coastline or the shore of a lake that provides favorable fishing ground.
          • A suitable terrain for the cultivation of crops such as the foot of a scarp.
    3. State factors which led to the growth of Eldoret town as an agricultural center. (4mks)
       • The town is easily accessible. The railway line from Mombasa to Kampala passes through Eldoret.
       • Eldoret is located in the heart of one of the richest agricultural hinterlands.
       • Availability of social amenities has led to a rapid population increase from the surrounding areas.
       • Establishment of service industries.
       • Availability of hydroelectric power has also led to the establishment of industries.
       • The high population in the surrounding region provides a source of labour for industries and ready market for manufactured goods.
       • There was plenty of land for expansion of the town.
       • Government policy of decentralizing industries.
    4. State the differences in functions of between the cities of New York and Nairobi. (6mks)
       • Nairobi is the national capital (metropolis) while New york is just a capital of the state of New York.
       • Nairobi has an inland dry port at Embakasi while Newyork is a seaport.
       • Nairobi is a national city while Newyork is an international city.