- Answer all the questions
QUESTIONS
SECTION A
- State three characteristics of government.(3mks)
- Identify two main periods of History. 2mks
- State why archaeology is an expensive source of information of history and government.(2mks)
- State three aspects of oral traditions.3mks
- Identify two ways through which archeologist obtain information on the history of Kenya.(2mks)
- Identify two ways in which early man used stone tools.(2mks)
- In what two ways did the Kenyan communities interact during the pre-colonial period.(2mks)
- Identify two similarities between early agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt.(2mks)
- Name the pre- historic sites in Kenya.(2mks)
- Identify the main economic activity of the plain Nilotes during pre-colonial period.(1mk)
- Give two characteristics of Homo Sapiens.(2mks)
- State two ways in which the development of the upright pasture improved the early man’s way of life.(2mks)
Section B
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- State four forms of government. 4mks
- Identify five methods of dating.(5mks)
- Outline the disadvantages of written sources of information.(6mks)
-
- Discuss the main theories that explain the origin of man.(6mks)
- State four species of Austropithecus.(4mks)
- What were the uses of fire during the middle Stone Age period?(5mks)
-
- State five causes of food shortages in Africa today.(5mks)
- Explain the characteristics of farming methods in Britain before the Agrarian Revolution.(10mks)
-
- Why did the highland nilotes migrate from their original homeland during the pre-colonial period? (5MKS)
- Explain five results of the migration and settlement of Bantus in Kenya.(10mks)
-
- State five duties of council of elders among the Miji Kenda.(5mks)
- Why was the office of the Oloibon important among the Maasai?(5mks)
- Discuss the economic organization of the Borana in the 19th c.(5mks)
MARKING SCHEME
- State three characteristics of government.(3mks)
- Legitimacy- government should be acceptable to the people over whom its exercises.
- Sovereignty-the government has the supreme authority to exercise power within its jurisdiction
- Jurisdiction-This is the geographical area within which a government exercises power and enforces law.
- a government should be able to enforce the law.
- Identify two main periods of History. 2mks
- Pre- history
- History
- State why archaeology is an expensive source of information of history and government.(2mks)
- It requires expensive equipment i.e. during excavation and during experiments.
- Methods of dating are also expensive i.e. buying of chemicals
- Transport cost is high
- Involves hiring labourers (1x2) = 2mks
- State three aspects of oral traditions.3mks
- Proverbs
- songs
- Stories
- Legends (1x3) 3mks any relevant
- Identify two ways through which archeologist obtain information on the history of Kenya.(2mks)
- Excavating
- Recording the findings
- Identify two ways in which early man used stone tools.(2mks)
- Skinning the animal
- for hunting
- Digging roots
- In what two ways did the Kenyan communities interact during the pre-colonial period.(2mks)
- Through intermarriage
- Through trade
- Through warfare
- Identify two similarities between early agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt.(2mks)
- In both agriculture was practiced along the river valleys
- farmers depended on flood water for farming
- Planted indigenous crops.
- They traded using farm produce
- Developed systems of irrigation (shadoof)
- Name the pre- historic sites in Kenya.(2mks)
- Fort tenan
- Kariandusi any other relevant
- Identify the main economic activity of the plain Nilotes during pre-colonial period.(1mk)
- Pastoralism/livestock keeping
- Give two characteristics of Homo Sapiens.(2mks)
- had a large brain
- had refined speech
- Walked upright
- Had a well developed thumb for grasping
- State two ways in which the development of the upright pasture improved the early man’s way of life.(2mks)
- The early man was able to move more faster with long strides.
- Man could spot the animals and wildlife fruits to hunt and gather
- man could see the impending danger from a distance
- Man could use the hands to grasp items conveniently
-
- State four forms of government. 4mks
- Democratic
- authoritative /dictatorial
- monarchial
- aristocratic 1x4=4mks
- Identify five methods of dating.(5mks)
- Stratigraphy
- chemical dating ie carbon 14 and potassium argon
- fission track dating
- statistical dating
- lexico –statistical dating
- geological periods
- Outline the disadvantages of written sources of information.(6mks)
- they may be unreliable if the author emits essential information.
- They are acquired through research which may be time consuming and expensive.
- researchers are at times biased
- some of the written records have inadequate information
- Some information may be absolute or inaccurate.
- Not useful to illiterate people.
- Some written records are in foreign languages which may require translation or may not be easily understood 1x6 = 6mks
- State four forms of government. 4mks
-
- Discuss the main theories that explain the origin of man.(6mks)
- Creation theory which is explained in various theory books such as Bible, Quran and Vedas.
- The mythical or traditional theory. This explains how individuals and communities have tried to explain how they came into existence through various myths.
- The evolution theory –holds that human beings and primates had a common ancestry but followed different evolutionary paths. 2x3=6mks
- State four species of Austropithecus.(4mks)
- Austropithcus Anamesils
- Africanus(Gracilis)
- Robustus
- Afarensis
- Boisei
- What were the uses of fire during the middle Stone Age period?(5mks)
- To provide warmth
- for lighting
- cooking food
- scare away wild animals
- Harden tips of tools 1x5=5mks any relevant.
- Discuss the main theories that explain the origin of man.(6mks)
-
- State five causes of food shortages in Africa today.(5mks)
- Rapid population growth
- Politcal upheavals
- There is poor land use and agricultural practices
- Poor and inadequate storage and processing facilities
- Overdependence on donation and foreign aid.
- poor infrastructure 1x5=5mks any relevant
- Explain the characteristics of farming methods in Britain before the Agrarian Revolution.(10mks)
- There was small scale farming The feudal landlords divided their land into small portions for growing corn an wheat while the rest was left for their homes for grazing.
- The farming methods used were poor and in effective e.g some farming methods included broadcasting, intercropping and no use of fertilizers
- The open –field system of farming used had many disadvantages eg it allowed diseases to spread easily.
- all land belonged to the King who gave the nobles ,known as the lords or the rich manor.(feudal system).
- Animals in Britain were grazed commonly so diseases spread easily .
- The farms in Britain were fenced and divided into several stops. 2x5=10mks
- State five causes of food shortages in Africa today.(5mks)
-
- Why did the highland nilotes migrate from their original homeland during the pre-colonial period? (5MKS)
- The outbreak of diseases forced them to move
- they moved for adventure/spirit of adventure
- they moved due to drought and famine
- external attack
- internal conflict
- Population pressure
(1x5)
- Explain five results of the migration and settlement of Bantus in Kenya.(10mks)
- The migration led to increased intercommunity conflict with other groups like Maasai and Abagusii .
- There was cultural exchange leading to enrichment of their lives
- Their settlement increased in population of the region
- The Bantus intermarried with the with their neighbours eg the Luyha and Masaai
- The Bantus traded with their neighbours the abagusii exchanged millet and iron products for basketry from the Luo.
- Exchange of knowledge and skills also took place.Many Bantus groups adopted the age set systems and the practice of circumcisions from the southern cushites
- Why did the highland nilotes migrate from their original homeland during the pre-colonial period? (5MKS)
-
- State five duties of council of elders among the Miji Kenda.(5mks)
- to main law and order
- to settle disputes
- To act as court of appeal
- preside over ceremonies
- to advise the warriors on when to organize raids
- To negotiate peace and declare war. 1x5=5mks
- Why was the office of the Oloibon important among the Maasai?(5mks)
- he was consulted before war and other major events.
- He advised the council of elders
- foretold the future
- Blessed the warriors before they went out for war or raiding
- acted as a unifying factor in the masaai community
- he was a religious leader. 1x5=5mks any other
- Discuss the economic organization of the Borana in the 19th c.(5mks)
- they planted a variety of crops and vegetables.
- They were nomadic livestock herders
- they had craft industries e.g basketry and made wooden tools
- they planted a variety of crops and vegetables.
- they traded with neighbours like Mijikenda ect(1x5=5mks)
- Hunters and gatherers.
- State five duties of council of elders among the Miji Kenda.(5mks)
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